ᴹAQ. [β], [ɣ] vocalized before voiced consonants; [VβC|VɣC|Vɣj|Vɣw] > [VuC|V̄øC|Vij|Vuw]
References ✧ PE19/40, 45-46
Order (04400)
| After | 03000 | voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids | ||
| Before | 01000 | ᴹQ. [ɣ] from [g] vanished | ||
| Before | 03000 | ᴹQ. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| maɣjā > maijā | Vɣj > Vij | ᴹ✶magyā > ᴹQ. mai(y)a | ✧ PE19/46 |
| laɣwe > lauwe | Vɣw > Vuw | ᴹ✶dagwe > ᴹQ. lau(w)e | ✧ PE19/46 |
| θaβrō > θaurō | VβC > VuC | ᴹ✶stabrō > ᴹQ. sauro | ✧ EtyAC/STAB |
| jaɣwē > jāwē | aɣC > āC | ᴹ✶yagwē > ᴹQ. yáwe | ✧ Ety/YAG |
| laɣra > lāra | aɣC > āC | ᴹ√DAG > ᴹQ. lára | ✧ EtyAC/DAG |
| maɣrā > mārā | aɣC > āC | ᴹ✶magrā > ᴹQ. mára | ✧ Ety/MAƷ|MAG |
| maɣra > māra | aɣC > āC | ᴹ✶magra > ᴹQ. mára | ✧ PE19/46 |
| saɣrā > sārā | aɣC > āC | ᴹ✶sagrā > ᴹQ. sára | ✧ Ety/SAG |
| θeɣrā > θērā | eɣC > ēC | ᴹ✶stegrā > ᴹQ. thḗra | ✧ PE19/46 |
| soɣlā > sōlā | oɣC > ōC | ᴹ✶soglā > ᴹQ. sóla | ✧ PE19/46 |
| suɣlo > sūlo | uɣC > ūC | ᴹ✶suglu > ᴹQ. súlo | ✧ Ety/SUK |
ᴱQ. [β] became [u] before consonants and finally; [-β|VβC] > [-u|VuC]
Reference ✧ PE12/24 ✧ phonetics
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/24 (ƀ final > u) |
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✧ PE12/24 (ƀ + consonant > u̯) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| aβ > au | -β > -u | ᴱ√AVA > ᴱQ. ‽au | ✧ QL/33 |
| kuβ > kū | -β > -u | ᴱ√KUVU > ᴱQ. kū | ✧ QL/49 |
| raβ > rau | -β > -u | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. Rau | ✧ QL/79 |
| araβka > arauka | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√rava > ᴱQ. arauka | ✧ QL/34 |
| famβa > fauka | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√FAɃA > ᴱQ. fauka | ✧ QL/37 |
| jaβsta > jausta | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√Ẏ̯AVA > ᴱQ. yausta | ✧ QL/105 |
| kaβka > kauka | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√kava- > ᴱQ. kauka | ✧ GL/25 |
| kaβne > kaune | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√KAV > ᴱQ. kaune | ✧ PME/45 |
| kaβne > kaune | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√KAVA > ᴱQ. kaune | ✧ QL/45 |
| kuβne > kūne | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√kuv > ᴱQ. kūne | ✧ PME/49 |
| kuβne > kūne | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√KUVU > ᴱQ. kūne | ✧ QL/49 |
| luβrē > lūre | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√LUVU > ᴱQ. lūre | ✧ QL/57 |
| naβma > nauma | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√NAVA > ᴱQ. nauma | ✧ QL/65 |
| naβst > naust | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√NAVA > ᴱQ. naus | ✧ QL/64 |
| naβta- > nauta- | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√NAVA > ᴱQ. nauta- | ✧ QL/65 |
| raβna > rauna | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. rauna | ✧ QL/79 |
| raβste > rauste | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. rauste | ✧ QL/79 |
| raβta- > rauta- | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√RAVA > ᴱQ. rauta- | ✧ QL/79 |
| soβna > souna | VβC > VuC | ᴱ✶souna > ᴱQ. sauna | ✧ PE13/148 |
| soβne > soune | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√SOVO > ᴱQ. saune | ✧ QL/86 |
| soβsa > sousa | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√SOVO > ᴱQ. sausa | ✧ QL/86 |
| taβle > taule | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√TAVA > ᴱQ. taule | ✧ QL/90 |
| taβno > tauno | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√TAVA > ᴱQ. tauno | ✧ QL/90 |
| tʲaβsta > tʲausta | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√TYAVA > ᴱQ. tyausta | ✧ QL/49 |
| ūβ- > ū- | VβC > VuC | ᴱ√UVU > ᴱQ. u- | ✧ QL/98 |
ᴱQ. between vowels and consonants [ɣ] vanished with compensatory lengthening; [VɣC] > [V̄øC]
Reference ✧ PE12/18
Order (02100)
| After | voiceless spirants voiced before voiced continuants | |||
| Before | middle consonant lost in three-consonant cluster |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/18 (ʒ > ø) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| daɣra > dāra | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāra | ✧ QL/87 |
| daɣri > dāri | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāri | ✧ QL/87 |
| foɣle > fōle | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√FOƷO > ᴱQ. fôle | ✧ QL/38 |
| hoɣre > hōre | VɣC > V̄øC | ‽ᴱ√HUHU > ᴱQ. hóre | ✧ QL/41 |
| kaɣma > kāma | VɣC > V̄øC | ‽ᴱ√KAHA > ᴱQ. káma | ✧ QL/43 |
| koɣle > kōle | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√KOHO > ᴱQ. kōle | ✧ QL/47 |
| laɣta- > lāta- | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LA’A > ᴱQ. lāta- | ✧ QL/50 |
| loɣte > lōte | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LO’O > ᴱQ. lōte | ✧ QL/55 |
| loɣto- > lōto- | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LO’O > ᴱQ. lōto- | ✧ QL/55 |
| luɣme > lūme | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LUHU > ᴱQ. lūme | ✧ QL/56 |
| luɣmen > lūmen | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LUHU > ᴱQ. lūmen | ✧ QL/56 |
| luɣnde > lūnde | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√LUHU > ᴱQ. lunde | ✧ QL/56 |
| luɣta- > lūta- | VɣC > V̄øC | ‽ᴱ√LU’U > ᴱQ. lūta- | ✧ QL/56 |
| maɣntḷ > māntḷ | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√MAHA > ᴱQ. mantl | ✧ QL/57 |
| maɣra > māra | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√MAHA > ᴱQ. māra | ✧ QL/57 |
| noɣla > nōla | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√NOHO > ᴱQ. nōla | ✧ QL/67 |
| nuɣme > nūme | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√NUHU > ᴱQ. nūme | ✧ QL/68 |
| oɣma > ōma | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√OHO² > ᴱQ. ōma | ✧ QL/69 |
| raɣma > rāma | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√RAHA > ᴱQ. rāma | ✧ QL/78 |
| ruɣja > rūja | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√RU’U > ᴱQ. rūya | ✧ QL/80 |
| saɣŋa- > sāŋa- | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SAHA > ᴱQ. sanga- | ✧ QL/81 |
| seɣŋe > sēŋe | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SEHE > ᴱQ. senge | ✧ QL/82 |
| suɣje > sūje | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SUHU > ᴱQ. †sūye | ✧ QL/86 |
| suɣlime > sūlime | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SUHU > ᴱQ. sūlime | ✧ QL/86 |
| suɣma > sūma | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SUHU > ᴱQ. sūma | ✧ QL/86 |
| suɣne > sūne | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SUHU > ᴱQ. sūne | ✧ QL/86 |
| suɣru > sūru | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√SUHU > ᴱQ. Súru | ✧ LT1A/Súruli |
| vaɣnḷ > vānḷ | VɣC > V̄øC | ᴱ√VAHA > ᴱQ. vandl | ✧ LT1A/Qalvanda |