Tolkien described these sounds as “voiceless hisses” (SD/417). The sound ✶[s] is pronounced as in English and survived into Classical Adûnaic. The palatal ✶[ç] did not survive, becoming [s] instead. The sound ✶[x] was pronounced like the “ch” in “Bach”; it developed into a “breath h” in Classical Adûnaic. However, the sound [x] reappeared as the normal development of the primitive velar aspirate ✶[kʰ].