S. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]; [ɸ|β] > [f|v]
As suggested by David Salo (GS/§4.180), the phonetic developments of the primitive aspirate [pʰ] as well as the spirantal sounds that developed from [b] were most likely bilabial spirants [ɸ] and [β] to begin with, developing into labio-dental [f] and [v] later. The occasional appearance of ꝑ and ƀ for these sounds in Tolkien’s writing supports this idea, such as on PE22/28 and PE19/101. One indication that this change was relatively early is the example: phelgai > felʒi > fili (NM/304); this example indicates the labial became a bilabial before i-affection, but it must be taken with a grain of salt, since Tolkien simply have been representing labial [ɸ] with f. Most likely this sound change occurred at all conceptual stages of Tolkien’s languages.
Order (01000)
| Before | 01200 | short [e], [o] became [i], [u] in syllable before final [i] | ✶phelgai > felʒi > S. fili | NM/304 |
| Before | 05700 | [mb], [nd] became [mm], [nn] | ✶espin-delē
>
findel > S. finnel ON. phenda > fend > N. fenn |
PE17/17 Ety/PHEN |
| Before | 06200 | [œ] became [e] | ᴹ√PHOR > fœir > N. feir | Ety/PHOR |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| aɸɸat- > affat- | ɸ > f | ✶ap-pata > S. aphad- | ✧ WJ/387 |
| aɸɸet- > affet- | ɸ > f | ✶at-kwet > S. aphed | ✧ PE17/166 |
| alɸa > alfa | ɸ > f | ✶alkwā > alpa > S. alf | ✧ NM/378 |
| alɸa > alfa | ɸ > f | T. alpa > S. alph | ✧ UT/265 |
| alɸa > alfa | ɸ > f | ✶alkwa > S. alf | ✧ VT42/7 |
| alɸi > alfi | ɸ > f | T. alpa > S. eilph | ✧ UT/265 |
| alɸirīne > alfirīne | ɸ > f | ✶alfirīne > S. alfirin | ✧ PE17/100 |
| eɸɸel > effel | ɸ > f | ✶et-pel > eppel > S. ephel | ✧ PE17/65 |
| eɸɸet- > effet- | ɸ > f | AT. et-pet > S. ephed | ✧ PE17/167 |
| enɸet- > enfet- | ɸ > f | AT. enpet > S. ephed | ✧ PE17/167 |
| ɸaila > faila | ɸ > f | √PHAYA > S. fael | ✧ PM/352 |
| ɸaine > faine | ɸ > f | ✶phaini > S. faen | ✧ NM/237 |
| ɸalasse > falasse | ɸ > f | √PHAL > S. falas | ✧ PE17/62 |
| ɸalasse > falasse | ɸ > f | √PHAL > S. falas | ✧ PE17/73 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √phan > S. fân | ✧ NM/237 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √FAN > S. fân | ✧ PE17/26 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √FAN > S. Fân | ✧ PE17/26 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √PHAN > S. fân | ✧ PE17/36 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | ✶phanā > S. fân | ✧ PE17/173 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | ✶phanā > S. fân | ✧ PE17/174 |
| ɸana > fana | ɸ > f | √Fana- > S. fân | ✧ RGEO/66 |
| ɸanoia > fanoia | ɸ > f | √FAN > S. fanui | ✧ PE17/26 |
| ɸanoia > fanoia | ɸ > f | √PHAN > S. fanui | ✧ PE17/36 |
| ɸanθa- > fanθa- | ɸ > f | ✶phantā- > S. fanha- | ✧ PE17/174 |
| ɸaran > faran | ɸ > f | ✶pharan- > S. faran | ✧ PE17/83 |
| ɸaran > faran | ɸ > f | √PHARAN > S. faran | ✧ PE17/83 |
| ɸawa > fawa | ɸ > f | √PHAW > phaw > S. faw | ✧ PE17/181 |
| ɸeleke > feleke | ɸ > f | √PHELEK > S. feleg | ✧ PE17/118 |
| ɸelɣa > felɣa | ɸ > f | ✶phelga > S. fela | ✧ NM/304 |
| ɸelɣa > felɣa | ɸ > f | ✶phelgā > S. fela | ✧ PE17/118 |
| ɸelɣi > felɣi | ɸ > f | ✶phelgai > felʒi > S. fili | ✧ NM/304 |
| ɸenna > fenna | ɸ > f | √PHEN > S. fen | ✧ PE17/181 |
| ɸerīa > ferīa | ɸ > f | √PHERE > S. ferui | ✧ PE17/181 |
| ɸerja > ferja | ɸ > f | ✶pheryā > feir > S. fair | ✧ PE17/181 |
| ɸerja- > ferja- | ɸ > f | √PHERE > S. feria- | ✧ PE17/181 |
| ɸimbe > fimbe | ɸ > f | √PHIM > S. fim | ✧ PE17/23 |
| ɸindarǭto > findarǭto | ɸ > f | ✶findarātō > find-raud > findrod > S. finrod | ✧ VT41/9 |
| ɸinde > finde | ɸ > f | ✶spindē > S. find | ✧ PE17/17 |
| ɸinde > finde | ɸ > f | ✶phindē > S. find | ✧ PM/362 |
| ɸindela > findela | ɸ > f | ✶spindilā > S. †findel | ✧ PE17/17 |
| ɸindela > findela | ɸ > f | ✶spin-dela > S. findel | ✧ PE17/119 |
| ɸindele > findele | ɸ > f | ✶espin-delē > findel > S. finnel | ✧ PE17/17 |
| ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | √SPIN- > S. fin- | ✧ PE17/17 |
| ɸine > fine | ɸ > f | ✶phini- > S. fîn | ✧ PM/362 |
| ɸineka > fineka | ɸ > f | ✶finik/fink > S. fineg | ✧ PE17/17 |
| ɸiniŋgorna > finiŋgorna | ɸ > f | ✶Phiniñgornā > S. Fingorn | ✧ PE17/113 |
| ɸīrepa > fīrepa | ɸ > f | √PHIRI > S. Fíreb | ✧ WJ/387 |
| ɸirīne > firīne | ɸ > f | ✶firīne > firīn > S. fĭrin | ✧ PE17/101 |
| ɸliŋxe > fliŋxe | ɸ > f | AT. phlinke > ᴸN. flinc | ✧ PE21/72 |
| ɸliŋxe > fliŋxe | ɸ > f | ✶philinkĭ > ᴸN. flinc | ✧ PE21/81 |
| ɸuine > fuine | ɸ > f | ✶phuinē > S. fuin | ✧ NM/279 |
| ɸuine > fuine | ɸ > f | ✶phuinē > S. fuin | ✧ NM/283 |
| gamɸa > gamfa | ɸ > f | ✶gampa > S. gamp | ✧ VT47/20 |
| kamɸru > kamfru | ɸ > f | ✶camprû > camfrū > S. cāfru | ✧ PE17/131 |
| karɸa- > karfa- | ɸ > f | √KARAP > S. carfa | ✧ PE17/126 |
| limɸe > limfe | ɸ > f | ✶liŋkwi > S. limp | ✧ NM/284 |
| nimɸe > nimfe | ɸ > f | √NIK > S. nimp | ✧ PE17/168 |
| nimɸe > nimfe | ɸ > f | ✶nimpĭ > S. nimp | ✧ VT48/18 |
| nimɸiraite > nimfiraite | ɸ > f | ✶ninkwiraite > ni(m)phraed > S. niphred | ✧ PE17/55 |
| ɸanja > ɸanja | ɸ > f | √phan > fein > S. fain | ✧ NM/237 |
| ɸanja > ɸanja | ɸ > f | √FAN > S. fain | ✧ PE17/26 |
| ɸanja > ɸanja | ɸ > f | √PHAN > S. fain | ✧ PE17/36 |
| ɸanja > ɸanja | ɸ > f | ✶phanyā > S. fain | ✧ PE17/174 |
| ɸanja > ɸanja | ɸ > f | √PHAN > S. fain | ✧ PE17/179 |
| buðβo > buðvo | β > v | ✶buzbō > S. buðu | ✧ PE19/101 |
N. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]; [ɸ|β] > [f|v]
Order (01300)
| Before | 01900 | [ou] became [au] | ON. Phayanṓr > Feanoúr > N. Féanor | Ety/PHAY |
| Before | 05600 | [mb], [nd] became [mm], [nn] | ON. phenda > fend > N. fenn | Ety/PHEN |
| Before | 05700 | [œ] became [e] | ᴹ√PHOR > fœir > N. feir | Ety/PHOR |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE19/18 (ph/f- > f-); PE19/18 (ph/f- > f/f-); PE19/21 (phr- > fr-); PE19/21 (phl- > fl-); PE19/23 (-ph- > -f-) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| aɸɸarxa > affarxa | ɸ > f | ON. appharkha > N. afarch | ✧ EtyAC/A |
| alɸa > alfa | ɸ > f | ON. alpha > N. alf | ✧ Ety/ÁLAK |
| alɸi > alfi | ɸ > f | ON. alpha > N. Elf | ✧ Ety/KHOP |
| eɸɸele > effele | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Et-pele > eppele > N. Ephel | ✧ WR/137 |
| ɸaika > faika | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAY > N. foeg | ✧ Ety/SPAY |
| ɸaina > faina | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAY > N. foen | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
| ɸalasse > falasse | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > N. falas | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| ɸalassi > falassi | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > N. feles | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| ɸalma > falma | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAL/PHÁLAS > N. falf | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| ɸalsa- > falsa- | ɸ > f | ON. phalsóbe > N. faltho | ✧ Ety/PHAL |
| ɸaŋga > faŋga | ɸ > f | ON. sphanga > N. fang | ✧ Ety/SPÁNAG |
| ɸanja > fanja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAN > N. fein | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
| ɸanθur > fanθur | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Spanturo > N. Fennyr/Fennuir | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
| ɸara- > fara- | ɸ > f | ON. (s)pharóbe > N. faro | ✧ Ety/SPAR |
| ɸaradīr > faradīr | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAR > N. feredir | ✧ Ety/SPAR |
| ɸaradīr > faradīr | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR² > N. feredir | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR² |
| ɸarasse > farasse | ɸ > f | ON. (s)pharasse > N. faras | ✧ Ety/SPAR |
| ɸare > fare | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > N. far | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
| ɸarja- > farja- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > N. feira- | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR |
| ɸarma > farma | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAR² > N. farf | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
| ɸarna > farna | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHAR > N. farn | ✧ Ety/PHAR |
| ɸasta > fasta | ɸ > f | ON. phasta > N. fast | ✧ Ety/PHAS |
| ɸauka > fauka | ɸ > f | ON. phauka > N. faug | ✧ Ety/PHAU |
| ɸeanour > feanour | ɸ > f | ON. Phayanṓr > Feanoúr > N. Féanor | ✧ Ety/PHAY |
| ɸeleke > feleke | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHELÉK > N. feleg | ✧ EtyAC/PHELÉK |
| ɸelɣa > felɣa | ɸ > f | ON. phelga > N. fela | ✧ Ety/PHÉLEG |
| ɸelɣi > felɣi | ɸ > f | ON. phelga > N. fili | ✧ Ety/PHÉLEG |
| ɸenda > fenda | ɸ > f | ON. phenda > fend > N. fenn | ✧ Ety/PHEN |
| ɸere > fere | ɸ > f | ON. pheren > N. †fêr | ✧ Ety/BERÉTH |
| ɸereni > fereni | ɸ > f | ON. pheren > N. †ferin | ✧ Ety/BERÉTH |
| ɸerja > ferja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > N. feir | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| ɸerna > ferna | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > N. fern | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| ɸilike > filike | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHILIK > N. filig | ✧ Ety/PHILIK |
| ɸindekouno > findekouno | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Findekāno > N. Fingon | ✧ Ety/PHIN |
| ɸindele > findele | ɸ > f | ON. sphindéle > findel > N. finnel | ✧ Ety/SPIN |
| ɸinderouto > finderouto | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶Phinde-rauto > N. Finrod | ✧ Ety/PHIN |
| ɸinwe > finwe | ɸ > f | ON. Phinwe > N. **Finw | ✧ Ety/PHIN |
| ɸirji > firji | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHIR > N. fîr | ✧ Ety/PHIR |
| ɸliŋxe > fliŋxe | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶philínkē > N. flinc | ✧ PE21/56 |
| ɸorja > forja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHOR > fœir > N. feir | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| ɸormena > formena | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHOR > N. forven | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| ɸormenja > formenja | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHOR > N. fervein | ✧ EtyAC/PHOR |
| ɸorna > forna | ɸ > f | ᴹ√PHOR > N. forn | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| ɸorote > forote | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶phoroti > N. forod | ✧ Ety/PHOR |
| ɸouna > founa | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶spāna > N. faun | ✧ Ety/SPAN |
| ɸoura > foura | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SPAR² > N. faur | ✧ EtyAC/SPAR² |
| ɸuia- > fuia- | ɸ > f | ON. phuióbe > N. fuio | ✧ Ety/PHEW |
| ɸuine > fuine | ɸ > f | ᴹ✶phuine > N. fuin | ✧ Ety/PHUY |
| gamɸa > gamfa | ɸ > f | ᴹ√GAP > N. gamp | ✧ Ety/GAP |
| gamɸasse > gamfasse | ɸ > f | ON. gampasse > N. gammas | ✧ EtyAC/GAP |
| inɸanθa > infanθa | ɸ > f | ON. inpanta > in-fant > N. ifant | ✧ Ety/YEN |
| kalɸa > kalfa | ɸ > f | ᴹ√KALPA > N. calf | ✧ Ety/KALPA |
| limɸe > limfe | ɸ > f | ᴹ√LINKWI > N. lhimp | ✧ Ety/LINKWI |
| nimɸe > nimfe | ɸ > f | ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nimp | ✧ Ety/NIK-W |
| nimɸirete > nimfirete | ɸ > f | ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nifred | ✧ Ety/NIK-W |
| nimɸit- > nimfit- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nimmid | ✧ Ety/NIK-W |
| salɸa > salfa | ɸ > f | ON. salpha > N. salff | ✧ Ety/SÁLAP |
| silɸion > silfion | ɸ > f | ᴹ√SÍLIP > N. **Silfion | ✧ Ety/SIL |
| tumɸo > tumfo | ɸ > f | ᴹ√TUMPU > N. tump | ✧ Ety/TUMPU |
| xamɸa- > xamfa- | ɸ > f | ᴹ√KHAP > N. hamma- | ✧ Ety/KHAP |
| xamɸata > xamɸata | ɸ > f | ᴹ√KHAP > N. hammad | ✧ Ety/KHAP |
| xamɸe > xamɸe | ɸ > f | ᴹ√KHAP > N. hamp | ✧ Ety/KHAP |
G. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]; [β|ɸ] > [v|f]
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| ɸaigrin > faigrin | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAẎA > G. fegrin | ✧ QL/37 |
| ɸaire > faire | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > G. fair | ✧ LT1A/Dor Faidwen |
| ɸaiθ > faiθ | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FAYA > G. faith | ✧ LT1A/Dor Faidwen |
| ɸalma > falma | ɸ > f | ᴱ√fal-¹ > G. falm | ✧ GL/33 |
| ɸalt > falt | ɸ > f | ᴱ√fal-² > G. falt | ✧ GL/33 |
| ɸīðlī > fīðlī | ɸ > f | ᴱ✶fīđ’lī > G. faigli | ✧ GL/35 |
| ɸḹk > fḹk | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FḶKḶ > G. Falc | ✧ LT2A/Glorfalc |
| ɸḹkan > fḹkan | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FḶKḶ > G. falchon | ✧ LT2A/Glorfalc |
| ɸṇ̄t > fṇ̄t | ɸ > f | ‽ᴱ√fṇ̄t > G. fant | ✧ GL/34 |
| ɸṇta- > fṇta- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√fṇt > G. fintha- | ✧ GL/35 |
| ɸoloim > foloim | ɸ > f | ᴱ√fol- > G. fluim | ✧ GL/35 |
| ɸoxna > foxna | ɸ > f | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuin | ✧ GL/36 |
| ɸoxs > foxs | ɸ > f | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuis | ✧ GL/36 |
| ɸoxta- > foxta- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√foχo > G. fuitha¹ | ✧ GL/36 |
| ɸur- > fur- | ɸ > f | ᴱ√FURU > G. fur- | ✧ LT2A/Gar Thurion |
| jaβ- > jav- | β > v | ᴱ√ı̯aƀa > G. gav- | ✧ GL/38 |
| jaβsta > javsta | β > v | ᴱ√ı̯aƀa > G. gaust | ✧ GL/38 |
| kaβ- > kav- | β > v | #ᴱ√tyav- > G. caf- | ✧ GL/24 |
| kaβka > kavka | β > v | ᴱ√kava- > G. caug | ✧ GL/25 |
| kaβko > kavko | β > v | ᴱ√kava- > G. caug | ✧ GL/25 |
| kaβm > kavm | β > v | ᴱ√kava- > G. caum | ✧ GL/25 |
| kaβta- > kavta- | β > v | #ᴱ√tyav- > G. cautha- | ✧ GL/24 |
| kʷiβ- > kʷiv- | β > v | ᴱ√QIV > G. cwiv- | ✧ GL/29 |
| maβs > mavs | β > v | ᴱ√maƀ > G. maus | ✧ GL/57 |
| naβs > navs | β > v | ᴱ√naf- > G. naus | ✧ GL/59 |
| raβste > ravste | β > v | ᴱ√RAVA > G. raust | ✧ LT1A/Meássë |
| uβna > uvna | β > v | ᴱ✶uƀna > G. †uvon | ✧ GL/75 |