Q. ilya adj. and pron. “every, each, all (of a particular group of things)” (Category: All, Every)
The word ilye means “all”, for example in the phrase ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” from the Namárië poem (LotR/377). The word ilye is simply the plural of singular ilya, an adjective and pronoun meaning “each, every, all of a particular group of things” (VT39/20) derived from the root √IL “all”.
In the singular, ilya seems to function as a pronoun meaning “all”, as in A anamelda na ep’ ilya “A is dearest of all” (PE17/57), but see also illi “all”. As an adjective before a singular noun, it likely means “each” or “every” as in ilya tie “each/every path” vs. ilye tier “all paths”, since this was the behavior of earlier adjectives for “all” (see below).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had the plural adjective ᴱQ. ompi “all, every” with singular ompa “each” under the early root ᴱ√OMO “every, all” (QL/70). The singular ompa was also used as a pronoun “all” in the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s (PE14/54), so the singular/plural/pronoun distribution of early ompa seems almost the same as later ilya. The early language also had ᴱQ. māka “each, every” as a cognate to G. gôr “each, all” and based on ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” (GL/41), but there are no signs of this elsewhere.
The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. ilya “all, the whole” under the root ᴹ√IL “all” (Ety/IL) and it was also use this way in poems from the 1930s and 40s (LR/72; SD/310). But Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 had ᴹQ. qáqa “every, each” which in its plural form qaqi meant “all (the)”, though more properly qaqi was the plural of pronominal ᴹQ. qaqe “every person/thing” (PE23/105-106). The word qáqa could also be used as a pronoun meaning “all facts”, since in DRC the “neuter” pronouns could only refer to abstract concepts (QL/105).
Neo-Quenya: There are some instance of singular ilya being used with plural nouns, such as ilya raxellor “from all dangers” and ᴹQ. ilya maller “all roads”. I think that when singular ilya is used with a plural noun it has the sense “every” as in every instance of the group. When used with a singular noun I think it instead has the sense “each” as in each instance considered individually. Consider: á mate ilya masta lintave lan nante lauce “eat each loaf quickly while they are warm”, as opposed to á mate ilya mastar nó i naucor tulir “eat every loaf (= every one of the loaves) before the dwarves come”.
This is pretty speculative, however.
References ✧ CPT/1296; LotR/377; PE17/57, 72; PE23/134; RGEO/58-59; UT/305; VT39/20; VT44/9
Glosses
Variations
Related
Inflections
| ilyan | dative | ✧ PE17/57 | |
| ilyaron | genitive plural | “of all” | ✧ PE17/57 |
| ilye | plural | ✧ PE17/57 | |
| ilye | plural | “all” | ✧ PE17/72; PE23/134; VT39/20 |
| ilye | plural | “all (pl.)” | ✧ RGEO/59 |
| ilyë | plural | “all” | ✧ LotR/377; UT/305 |
| ílye | plural | “all” | ✧ RGEO/58 |
Element In
Derivations
ᴹQ. ilya adj. and pron. “all, the whole” (Category: All, Every)
References ✧ Ety/IL; LR/47, 56, 72; SD/310
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
| Ilyain | dative plural | “to all” | ✧ LR/72 |
Element In
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴹ√IL > ilya | [ilja] | ✧ Ety/IL |
ᴹQ. qáqa adj. and pron. “every, each; everything, all facts” (Category: All, Every)
References ✧ PE23/105-106
Glosses
Changes
Elements
| qa(qe)- | “all, all the (with plurals), every; each, every” |
Element In
ᴱQ. máka adj. “each, every” (Category: All, Every)
Reference ✧ GL/41 ✧ māka “each, every”
Cognates
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴱ✶ŋu̯a- > māka | [ŋʷakā] > [ŋʷaka] > [maka] | ✧ GL/41 |
ᴱQ. ompa adj. “each; all, every” (Category: All, Every)
References ✧ PE14/54; QL/70
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
| ompi | plural | “all, every” | ✧ QL/70 |
Element In
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴱ√OMO > ompa | [ompā] > [ompa] | ✧ QL/70 |