Early Quenya Semantic Categories



1. Physical World

1.11 World

irmin n. “the inhabited world”
marda n. “world”

1.21 Earth, Land

kemi n. “earth, soil, land”
talat n. “dry land”

1.212 Ground, Soil

hamba adj. “on the ground”
hambanoite adj. “on the ground”
han (hamb-) n. “ground, earth”
kemen n. “soil, earth”
pingwa adj. “fat, rich (of soil)”
sar n. “earth, soil”

1.213 Dust, Powder

mul (muld-) n. “fine powder”
mulda adj. “powdery”

1.214 Mud, Mire

lúke n. “slime”
lúkima adj. “slimy”
lukso (luksu-) n. “mud”
luksor n. “swamp, bog”

1.215 Sand, Grit

ára n. “dry sand, grit”
arqilis n. “desert”
mar⁴ (mard-) n. “grit, coarse grain or powder”
marma n. “sand”
tyusse n. “sand”

1.22 Hill, Mountain

ambo n. “hill”
amun (amund-) n. “hill”
oro n. “hill”
oron² (orond-) n. “hill”
tolda n. “hill (with a flat top), hill top; town on a hill”

1.221 Peak, Summit

kolman n. “peak, summit”
nóla n. “summit, head, top (only used of mountains etc.); (round) hill; crown of head”
orme¹ n. “summit, crest, hilltop”
soron² n. “pinnacle, high peak, crag”
torme n. “mountain (peak)”

1.222 Slope, Cliff

aiko (aiku-) n. “cliff”
aikuvoite adj. “cliffy, rocky”
aiqasse n. “precipice”
ollo n. “cliff, seaward precipice”
#penda² adj. “*sloping”
róma n. “upward path, mountain side, (mountain) slope, alp”
tilta adj. “slanting”
tiltin adj. “slanting”

1.223 Mound, Pile

kumpo n. “pile”
pulme n. “lump, knob”
rakte n. “pile, heap”
tupse n. “lump, knob”
tyúma n. “lump, mass”

1.23 Plain, Field

endl n. “plain, vale”
enga n. “mead”
fal(a)toisi n. “meadow, grassland”
lá¹ n. “moor, heath, open space”
laire n. “meadow”
n. “a sward, glade”
nendo n. “water mead”
nes¹ n. “mead, valley, land”
palume n. “plain”

1.24 Dale, Valley

nal (nald-) n. “dale, dell”
nalda adj. “lowly, valley (aj.), dale (aj.)”
tumbo n. “dale, vale”
umbe n. “dale, dell”

1.241 Ravine, Pass

falqa n. “(mountain) pass, ravine, cliff, cleft”
fáse n. “gulf, gap”
kirme n. “cleft, gully”

1.25 Isle, Island

tol (toll-) n. “island, isle”
tolome n. “island”

1.27 Shore, Beach

ailin² n. “shore”
arakte n. “(stony) beach”
falas(se) (falass-) n. “shore, beach, surf”
marmale n. “beach”
rímen n. “border, shore”
sorakte n. “beach”

1.31 Water

linqe n. and adj. “water, stream; flowing, wet”
linqea adj. “watery”
mirmila adj. “rippling”
nen¹ (nend-) n. “river, water”
ninda¹ n. “water, river”

1.32 Sea

haloisi n. “the sea (in storm)”
laivar n. “ocean”
ua n. “the sea”
vea² n. “sea”

1.33 Lake, Pond

ailin¹ (ailind-) n. “lake, pool”
ailo (ailu-) n. “lake, pool”
liqilla n. “(clear) pool”
moile n. “tarn”

1.34 Gulf, Bay

kópa n. “harbour, haven, bay”

1.35 Wave, Surge

falasta- v. “to surge, make a sound like surf”
falmar n. “wave (as it breaks), foamcrest”
palastor n. “surf”
palaswin (palaswing-) n. “wave-crest”
solme n. “wave”
solor (solos-) n. “surf, surge; wavebreak, coast”
solto- v. “to wave, heave, surge (up and down)”

1.351 Foam, Froth

falma n. “foam, wave”
falmo n. “foam”
hoiye n. “foam”
palasse n. “foam, splashing”
palassea adj. “foaming (of the sea)”
uilosse n. “foam”
winge n. “(blowing) foam, spindrift, froth, scud, spray; wave”

1.352 Splash, Spray

palasya- v. “to splash, foam”
timpa n. “spray, nozzle of hose”
timpina adj. “fine, powdered, sprayed”
timpine n. “spray”
vaska adj. “making a plash or rush”

1.36 Brook, Stream, River

aksa¹ n. “waterfall”
kelu(me) n. “stream; fountain, spring”
kelusindi n. “river (near its source)”
sindi n. “river”
síre n. “stream”
wenda n. “brook”
wente n. “brook, small river”
wereven(da) (werevend-) n. “winding rill”

1.37 Spring, Well

ehtil n. “spring, fount, source”
ektele n. “fountain”
kapalinda n. “spring of water”
kekta n. “jet, spring”
kektele n. “fountain”
kektelu- v. “to bubble up”
qelu n. “well, spring, source”
qelu- v. “to well up”
tampo n. “well”
vaskelu n. “fountain”

1.41 Woods, Forest

málos n. “forest”
nan (nand-) n. “woodland, *land”
tauno n. “(great) forest”
taure n. “forest”
tavas (tavast-) n. “woodland”

1.43 Wood, Timber

aldare n. “wood”
kinda n. “splinter”
tundo n. “firewood, fuel”
turu n. “wood (as material), (orig.) firewood”
turúva adj. “wooden”
turuvoite adj. “rich in timber”

1.44 Rock, Stone

alas (alast-) n. “marble”
alasta adj. “of marble, marble”
alaswa adj. “like marble”
arak n. “shingle, piles of stones”
#hon¹ (hond-) n. “stone, rock”
hyelle n. “pebble”
lalle (lalli-) n. “pebble”
on(d) n. “(a) stone”
ondo n. “stone, rock”
onwa adj. “stony”
silik (siliq-) n. “flint”
siliq(in)a adj. “flinty”
sink (sinq-) n. “mineral, gem, metal”
soraksa n. “shingle”
tolot (tolokt-) n. “pebble, cobble-stone”

1.46 Cave

asampe(a) adj. “cavernous”
kambo n. “cellar, cave, vault”
orot n. “cave”
ronda n. “cavern”
rótele n. “cave”
rotl n. “cave, hollow, grot”
sampe n. “cave, hollow”
sinqele n. “mine”

1.51 Sky, Heavens

ilwe n. “sky, heavens”
taime n. “sky”
taitelúme n. “firmament”
telume n. “the heavens, (vault of) heaven, firmament”
vaite adj. “skied”
vaiya¹ n. “sky, skies”

1.52 Sun

Ahúra n. “Sun”
ahúrasilqi n. “sun and moon”
aure (auri-) n. “sunlight, sunshine, gold light, warmth”
aurea adj. “sunny, sunlit”
aurinka adj. “sunny”
auro n. “sun”
aurqila adj. “golden, sunlit”
firin¹ n. “ray of sun”
osto n. “gates of the Sun”

1.53 Moon

n. “crescent moon”
Rána n. “Moon”
ránuringwi n. “sun and moon”
rinku n. “orb of Moon”
Sil (Sill-) n. “Moon; Rose”
silma n. “ray of moonlight”
#silme adj. “gleaming, silver”
silmea adj. “*of the moon”
silmerána n. “gleaming moon, silver moon”

1.54 Star

íle n. “star”
letinwesse n. “constellation”
lintitinwe adj. “having many stars, many-starred”
tinwe n. “star”
titinwe n. “small star, a sparkle of dew”

1.55 Flash, Lightning

sile n. “glint (of white)”
wintil n. “a glint”
winwe (winwi-) n. “a sparkling, flash”
winya- v. “to flash, glint”

1.56 Noise, Thunder

fundu(na)- v. “?to thunder”
lausta-² v. “to roar, rush [making a rushing sound]”
lausto adv. “*noisily”
limpalasse n. “much roaring”
limpalassea adj. “much roaring”
londa- v. “to boom, bang”
lon(de) (lond-) n. “loud noise”
patakan n. “rattling, clatter”
patakanda adj. “rattling, clattering”
patakatapaka n. “rat-a-tat”
patake n. “clatter”
patakta- v. “to clatter”
ran (ram-) n. “noise”
tompo-tompo n. “noise of drums (or guns)”

1.61 Light

alka n. “ray (of light), light of day; shining”
kala¹ n. “light, daytime (sunlight), 12 hours”
kal(l)u- v. “to illuminate, to light up”
kalma n. “(day)light; candle”
kate (kati-) n. “gleam, ray”

1.62 Darkness

hui n. “dark, murk, fog; night, evening”
ilkala n. “*nighttime, darkness”
lur- v. “?to be dark”
yara n. “a gloom, blight, lowering darkness”

1.622 Dark, Murky

hiswa adj. “dim, fading”
huiva adj. “murky”
móre (móri-) n. and adj. “night, darkness; black, dark”
yanda adj. “dark, gloomy”

1.63 Shade, Shadow

#lómea adj. “*gloomy”
lómin n. “shade, shadow”
lómina adj. “shadowy”

1.71 Air, Ether

ilma n. “air”
ilu n. “ether”
vilina adj. “airy, breezy, light”
vílyava adj. “airy”

1.72 Wind

noswe n. “a wet wind (SW)”
n. “(noise of) wind”
suiva adj. “soughing, moaning”
súlime n. “wind”
súru n. “air-spirit; wind, gale”
susúlima adj. “full of wind, windy, airy”
súye n. “air, breezes, winds”
n. “wind”
wanwavoite adj. “windy”

1.722 Storm

húro n. “storm”
laume¹ n. “storm, overcast sky”
laumea adj. “dark, stormy”
wanwa n. “great gale”

1.723 Breeze

víle n. “gentle breeze”

1.73 Cloud, Mirk

aulo n. “cloud”
fanya n. “cloud”
lumbo n. “dark lowering cloud”

1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze

híse n. and adj. “dusk, mist, haze; bleared”
mirde n. “mist”
nóte n. “dew”
qosse n. “mist”
rin² (ring-) n. “dew”
usqe n. “fog”

1.75 Rain

mie¹ n. “mist, drizzle”
note (notsi-) n. “drizzle”
notsiva adj. “drizzling”
timpe n. “fine rain”
timpínea adj. “made of spray, full of fine showers, showery (of weather)”
úqil n. “rain”
#uqu- v. “to rain”

1.752 Rainbow

iluqinga n. “rainbow”
ilweran(ta) n. “bridge of heaven, rainbow”
ukku n. “rainbow”

1.76 Snow

fauta- v. “to snow”
fáwe n. “snow”
is (iss-) n. “light snow”
nieninqe n. “snowdrop, (lit.) white tear”
nieninqea adj. “like a snowdrop”
niqetil (niqetild-) n. “snow cap”
niqileninqe adj. “snow-white”
niqilis n. “fine snow”
niqis (niqiss-) n. “snow”
niqissea adj. “snowy”
niqista- v. “to snow”
tiqilin (tiqilind-) n. “thaw, melting snow, slush”

1.77 Ice, Frost

helke n. “ice”
liqilitl n. “icicle, *(lit.) clear drop”
ringwe n. “rime, frost; cold”
yalka n. “ice”
yelma n. “(a bout of) frost; a cold; chill”

1.772 to Freeze

halkin adj. “frozen”
hilk- v. “to freeze”

1.78 Weather

kalle n. “fair weather, clear sky, blue sky”
kalleva adj. “fair (weather or complexion)”
lúre n. “dark weather, bad weather”
lúrea adj. “overcast, dark [of weather]”
lúvin(a) adj. “dark, overcast”
luvu- v. “to lower, hang, brood”

1.81 Fire

pur (purn-) n. “a fire, an artificial fire”
n. “fire”
sár(e)a adj. “fiery”
tan(y)a n. “fire”
uru n. “fire”
(uru)purnie n. “conflagration”
urúva adj. “like fire”
uruvoite adj. “fiery, having fire”
urwa adj. “on fire, afire”

1.82 Flame

purma n. “blaze, flame”
velka n. “flame”

1.83 Smoke

qonda n. “choking smog, smoke”
rukta- v. “to belch smoke, spout smoke; to cause to smoke; to smoke at a pipe”
ruku n. “smoke, reek”
ruku- v. “to steam, smoke, reek”

1.85 to Burn, Scorch

hus- v. “to burn (tr.)”
kanda- v. “to blaze”
puru- v. “to burn”
sanga-² v. “to scorch”
sisi- v. “to scorch, singe, fry”
urya- v. “to burn (intr.)”
usta- v. “to burn (tr.)”

1.86 to Light, Kindle

kalta- v. “to kindle, set light to”
purya- v. “to set fire to”
tunda- v. “to kindle”
turya- v. “to catch fire”
tustima adj. “inflammable”

1.87 Match, Fire Stick

tusture n. “tinder, chips, firewood”
tusturin (tusturind-) n. “match”

1.99 Physical World (other)

karkasse n. “row of spikes or teeth”

2. Mankind

2.1 Human Being

#nanwa adj. “being”

2.21 Man

ner n. “man, husband; warrior”
wie n. “*man, male of the Elda”

2.22 Woman

anai n. “woman”
n. “woman”
nyél n. “woman”
qimelle n. “little woman”
qin¹ (qim-) n. “woman, female”

2.23 Male

anu n. “a male, man”
anúre n. “manliness, masculinity”
anúvie n. “manhood, doughtyness”
anuvoite adj. “male, masculine”
nerea adj. “manly, stout, brave”
nerevoite adj. “manly, male”
#nérinwa adj. “*mannish”
#-nu suf. “masculine suffix”
via adj. “male”
-we² suf.
wenga adj. “*male”

2.24 Female

anaina adj. “womanly”
#-ni suf. “feminine suffix”
qim(en)ea adj. “womanly, feminine”
qimenoite (qimenoitsi-) adj. “feminine, female”
qinde n. “womanliness, femininity; (concr.) women as a whole”
qinya adj. “female”
#-si suf. “feminine suffix”
#-sse³ suf. “feminine suffix”
venya adj. “womanl[y]”

2.26 Girl

mella n. “girl”
tessa n. “maid, maiden”
tessara adj. “maiden, maidenly”
tessare (tessari-) n. “little maid”
wende n. “maiden”
wendele n. “maidenhood”
wen(di) n. “maid, girl, maiden”

2.27 Child

ar¹ (arn-) n. “child”
hil(de) n. “child”

2.28 Infant

putse (putsi-) n. “baby, child”
tetta n. “baby”
tyetl n. “babe, a tiny baby”

2.31 Husband

heruvesto n. “husband, (lit.) lord husband”
veru n. “husband”
veruner n. “husband”
vestaner n. “?(bride)groom”

2.32 Wife

herivesti n. “wife”
veri n. “wife”
veruni n. “wife”
vesse n. “wife”
vestin n. “wife”

2.321 Bride

akairis (akairist-) n. “bride, wife”
akairisan (akairisamb-) n. “bride chamber, thalamus”
vestani n. “*bride”

2.33 to Wed, Marry

(a)kainu- v. “to wed”
verin (verind-) adj. “married”
vesta- v. “to wed, marry, join others in marriage; (refl.) to get married”

2.34 Wedding, Marriage

(a)kainusta n. “wedding, marriage”
akaire (akairi-) n. “‘living beside’, wedded life”
vesta n. “state of marriage”
vestale n. “wedding”
vestanoina adj. “related by marriage”

2.341 Married Couple

veringwi n. “husband and wife, married pair”

2.35 Father

atar n. “father”
atta¹ n. “father (child’s word)”
attu n. “father”

2.36 Mother

ama n. “mother”
ambi n. “mother”
amis (amits-) n. “mother”
(m)ambe n. “mother”

2.37 Parent

attahwi n. “parents”
puyando n. “parent”

2.41 Son

fion (fiond-) n. “son”
hilu n. “son”
-ion suf. “-son”
ion n. “son”
vondo n. “son”
n. “son”
yondo n. “son, male descendant, (great) grandson”

2.42 Daughter

aris (arits-) n. “daughter, maid”
-il suf. “*(feminine) patronymic”
silde n. “daughter”
sui n. “daughter”

2.44 Brother

herendo n. “brother”
hestaner n. “brother”
hestanu n. “brother”

2.45 Sister

heresse n. “sister”
hestani n. “sister”
hestaqin n. “sister”

2.452 Sibling

hes (hest-) n. “brother, sister, *sibling”
hesta n. “the nearest consanguinity”
hestanoina adj. “bearing the nearest consanguinity”

2.46 Grandfather

haru n. “grandfather”

2.47 Grandmother

haruni n. “grandmother”

2.53 Nephew

súyon n. “nephew, daughter’s son”

2.55 Cousin

etta n. “cousin”
ettani n. “female cousin”
ettanu n. “male cousin”
ettarendi n. “cousinship”
rendo n. “kinsman, cousin”
rendole n. “cousinship”
resse n. “kinswoman, cousin”

2.57 Descendant

hilmi coll. “family, offspring”

2.82 Family

soresta n. “family”

3. Animals

3.11 Animal

koisiva adj. “animal, bodily”
koite (koisi-) n. “living thing, being, animal”
lama n. “animal, beast; head of cattle or sheep”
roa n. “wild beast”
talar (talard-) n. “beast of burden”

3.16 to Pasture

nese- v. “to graze, pasture, give to feed, feed”

3.17 Pasture

nessele n. “pasture, mead; pasturage”

3.18 Herdsman

lamandar n. “herdsman, shepherd”
lamáre n. “flock”
mavar(do) n. “shepherd”
moar(do) (moard-) n. “shepherd”

3.21 Bull

tarukko n. “bull, ox”

3.22 Ox, Steer

yak(k)o n. “ox”

3.23 Cow

mui n. “cow”
yaksi n. “cow”

3.25 Sheep

arma n. “flock of sheep”
moa n. “sheep”
moalin n. “sheepfold”
sauve n. “sheep”

3.26 Ram

kamo n. “ram”

3.29 Lamb

eule n. “lamb”
eulitse n. “*little lamb”

3.32 Boar

karkapolka n. “boar, *(lit.) tusk-pig”
úro n. “boar”

3.35 Pig

polka n. “pig”

3.36 Goat

nyé n. “bleat, cry of goat or sheep”
nyéni n. “she-goat”

3.41 Horse (generic)

lópa n. “horse, mare”
mairu n. “(horse) mane, flowing hair; charger”

3.44 Mare

lopsi n. “mare”

3.51 Chicken (generic)

kekteket (kektekett-) n. “clucking”
poroke n. “barn fowl, hen”
porokelle n. “chicken”
porokoi ? “[unglossed]”

3.52 Cock, Rooster

tokot n. “cock”

3.54 Hen

oi n. “bird, hen”

3.56 Goose

yanwa n. “goose”

3.57 Duck

n. “duck”
qaqa- v. “to quack, squawk, cackle”

3.61 Dog

fan (fand-) n. “dog”
huan (huand-) n. “dog”
savar n. “wild dog, jackal”
savarda n. “pack (of dogs, wolves)”
suni n. “bitch, *female dog”

3.612 Puppy

saule n. “litter (of pups, cubs, etc.)”

3.62 Cat

meoi n. “cat”
yaule n. “cat”

3.63 Mouse, Rodent

qíne n. “squeaking”
qínea adj. “squeaking”
qíni- v. “to speak high, squeak”
rausime n. “vermin”

3.64 Bird

aiwe n. “bird”
kilapitya- v. “to chirp”
oive n. “bird”
wilin n. “bird”
wilindea adj. “as a bird”

3.641 Eagle, Hawk

ea(r) n. “(young) eagle”
earen (earend-) n. “eyrie, (young) eagle”
n. “owl”
sor(ne) (sorn-) n. “eagle”
sornion n. “eyrie”
soron¹ n. “eagle”

3.642 Crow, Raven

karon n. “crow”

3.647 Gull, Petrel

máwe (máwi-) n. “gull, seamew”

3.648 Swan

alqa n. “swan”
siloine (siloini-) n. “swan”

3.649 Bird (other)

ambarin (ambarind-) n. “lark”
imbilink n. “sparrow”
karneambar n. and adj. “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
keket (kekekt-) n. “pheasant”
kilapi n. “robin”
lintuilinda adj. “many-swallows of autumn”
tuilindo n. “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”

3.65 Fish

ingwe (ingwi-) n. “fish”
ingwil(in) (ingwiling-) n. “eel”
kuluin (kuluind-) n. “goldfish”
telpingwe n. “silverfish”
windea adj. “fishlike”

3.71 Wolf

ulku n. “wolf”
ulqi n. “she-wolf”

3.72 Lion

rau (ráv-) n. “lion”
ravenne n. “she-lion”

3.73 Bear

#matsile n. “bear”

3.75 Deer

opole n. “fawn, young deer”

3.77 Elephant

hunto n. “elephant”

3.78 Camel

kuptulo n. “camel”
ulumpe n. “camel”
uluntilla n. “camel’s hair”

3.79 to Hunt

rausima adj. “*hunted”
rauste n. “hunting, preying, the hunt”
raustea adj. “of prey”
rauta- v. “to chase, hunt, pursue; to extirpate, exterminate; to steal”

3.81 Insect

malo¹ (malu-) n. “moth”
pin n. “little thing, mite”
ulumpingwe n. “caterpillar”
wilwarin (wilwarind-) n. “butterfly”
wilwarinda adj. “butterflylike”

3.811 Spider

kangale n. “web”
kangaris (kangarist-) n. “spider”
kangawinda n. “cobweb”
lenqelénu n. “(daddy) long-legs”
ungwe n. “spider”

3.82 Bee

imbe n. “hive”
nierwes (nierwest-) n. “hive”

3.83 Fly (n)

itis n. “a fly bite”
itse n. “small fly”
kampo (*kampu-) n. “flea”

3.84 Worm

lingwe n. “snake, worm”
teste n. “small worm”
wembe n. “worm”
wembil n. “worm”

3.85 Snake

histe- v. “to hiss”
lin² (ling-) n. “snake”
lingwin n. “serpent, dragon”
lóke (lóki-) n. “snake, dragon”
oqi n. “snake”

3.99 Animals (other)

lapatl n. “leveret”
lapatte (lapatsi-) n. “rabbit”
noldare n. “mole”
nolpa n. “mole”
oryat (oryap-) n. “badger”
qildare n. “bat”

4. Body Parts and Functions

4.11 Body

kolume n. “body”
pulko n. “body, trunk, bole of tree”
sarkuva adj. “corporeal, bodily”

4.12 Skin, Hide

naute n. “skin”

4.13 Flesh

hara(nda) n. “flesh-meat”
haranwa adj. “fleshly, carnal”
mimbe n. “flesh”
mindl n. “piece of flesh”
sarko¹ (sarku-) n. “flesh, living flesh, body”
sarqa adj. “fleshy”

4.14 Hair

filma n. “fine hair, line”
findl n. “lock of hair, tress”
laksa n. “tress”
silqe n. “tress of hair; (glossy) hair”
silqeléna adj. “having tresses”
silqelossea adj. “with hair like white flowers”
til (tiln-) n. “(single) hair”

4.142 Beard

fange n. “beard”
poa n. “beard”
velte n. “beard”

4.143 Hair (other)

andesilqe adj. “long-haired, long-tressed”
aule (auli-) adj. “shaggy”
tilinya adj. “downy, hairy”

4.15 Blood

hari n. “blood”
mear (mearn-) n. “gore, blood”
vísi n. “blood”

4.16 Bone

as (ass-) n. “bone”
assea adj. “bony”
aswa adj. “of bone”
hón(a) n. “bone”

4.17 Horn (animal)

taru n. “horn”
tarukka adj. “horned”

4.18 Tail

pint (pimp-) n. “tail”

4.19 Back

hakka n. “the hams, buttocks”

4.20 Head

kar (kas-) n. “head”
kas (kast-) n. “head, top, summit”

4.204 Face

alma n. “face”
yéma n. “face”

4.205 Forehead

kandóla n. “crown of head”
timbare n. “forehead”

4.207 Jaw

anto (antu-) n. “jaw”
n. “jaw”
maqar n. “jaw”

4.208 Cheek

anta n. “cheek; jaw(s)”

4.209 Chin

venta n. “chin”

4.21 Eye

hen (hend-) n. “eye”
n. “eye, eyeball, pupil”
sehte (sehti-) n. “pupil; bead; †eye, eyeball”
sinda¹ n. “eye”
tille n. “eyelash”

4.22 Ear

ankar (ankas-) n. “ear (of men)”
qan (qand-) n. “ear”
unk(o) (unq-) n. “ear (of animals); corner, sticking out edge”

4.23 Nose

men¹ (mem-) n. “nose, beak”
nen² (neng-) n. “nostril”
penta n. “nose, beak (probably of such birds as woodpeckers)”
súma n. “nostril”
súne n. “(human) nose”

4.24 Mouth

matu n. “the mouth (inside)”
ó(vo) n. “mouth”

4.25 Lip

kaile n. “lip”
kilme n. “lip”
n. “the two lips, the (closed) mouth”

4.27 Tooth

karka n. “fang, tooth, tusk”
karkanel n. “fang”
karkara adj. “toothed”
nele (neli-) n. “tooth”
nyat n. “tooth”

4.28 Neck

lango n. “neck, throat”
yatta n. “neck; isthmus”

4.29 Throat

kaikta- v. “to strangle”
kailen n. “throat, gullet”
karko (karku-) n. “alimentary canel”
qelqa n. “throat”
qerka n. “throat”

4.30 Shoulder

almo n. “shoulder(s), back”

4.31 Arm

lenk (lenq-) n. “limb”
olet (olek-) n. “forearm”
n. “arm”
ranko n. “arm”

4.32 Elbow

óleme n. “elbow”

4.33 Hand

n. “hand”
makte¹ (maksi-) n. “hand”

4.332 Hand (other)

erumaite adj. “one handed”
#maite³ adj. “handed”
maqa adj. “handy, skilled (with hands)”
maqalea adj. “handy, skilled (with hands)”
marikta n. “wrist”
mavoite (mavoisi-) adj. “having hands”
paltya n. “flat of hand, palm of hand”

4.34 Finger

anda-lepta adj. “long-fingered”
lepta² n. “finger”
let (lept-) n. “finger”
tapatenda adj. “taper fingered, light fingered, long fingered”
-tenda suf. “having fingers”
tenna n. “finger”

4.342 Thumb

tyúte (tyúsi-) n. “thumb”

4.35 Leg

attalaite adj. “biped”
attalin n. “biped”
oswe¹ n. “hip”
pelko n. “leg”
piu n. “calf of leg”
tyú(ta) n. “thigh”

4.36 Knee

okka n. “knee”

4.37 Foot

tala¹ n. “foot; bottom, lowest part”
tala(no)ite adj. “footed”
talas (talast-) n. “sole”

4.39 Nail, Claw

nyelet (nyeleks-) n. “nail (of the finger)”

4.392 Wing

#ala² n. “wing”
anda-ráma adj. “long-arm(ed); long-wing(ed)”
ehtaráma adj. “having a wing like a sword”
ráma n. “wing; arm”
rámavoite adj. “winged, having wings”
vasse (vassi-) n. “wing”
vassivaswe n. “beating or rushing of wings”
wilda adj. “winged”

4.393 Feather

pekte (peksi-) n. “plume, cox-comb”
pilinqasilla n. “nodding plume”
pilintele n. “plumage”
qasilla n. “tuft, nodding spray, tassel, plume”

4.40 Front of Chest

ambos (ambost-) n. “breast”

4.41 Breast of Woman

ambar² (ambas-) n. “breast, bosom”
titte n. “breast, teat”
tyetse n. “teat”

4.44 Heart

elwen n. “heart”
hon² (hond-) n. “heart”

4.45 Liver

lepsa n. “liver”

4.46 Belly, Stomach

famba n. “belly, fat body”
palla n. “paunch”

4.48 Egg

ohte (oksi-) n. “egg”

4.49 Testicle

milt n. “semen”

4.492 Penis

hapta- v. “to eject, ejaculate”
puntl n. “mem. vir., *penis”
vie n. “teors, *penis”

4.51 to Breathe; Breath

qorin adj. “drowned, choked, speechless”
qoro- v. “to choke, suffocate, (esp.) drown”
qosta- v. “to choke, drown (trans.)”

4.52 to Gape, Yawn

yáme adj. “yawning”

4.53 to Cough

hototyosse n. “a cough and a sneeze”
hútatyosta n. “whooping cough”
hyukso n. “hiccup”
nang- v. “I have a cold”
nungo n. “cold (in the nose or head)”
tyos (tyoss-) n. “cough”
tyosto- v. “to cough”

4.54 to Sneeze

hont (honty-) n. “sneeze”
hontosse n. “a loud sneeze”
#hotyo- v. “to sneeze”

4.56 to Spit

pist- v. “to spit”
rekka n. “spittle”
rent (renty-) n. “spittle, saliva”
retye- v. “to spit”

4.57 to Vomit

qama- v. “to be ill, vomit”

4.58 to Bite

naka- v. “to bite”

4.59 to Lick

lava- v. “to lick”
salpa- v. “to take a sup of, sample, sip”
sulp- v. “to lick, sup, lick up, sup up; to sip, taste; to drink”
sult (sulp-) n. “sip, taste”

4.61 to Sleep; Sleep

fansa n. “swoon”
fanta- v. “to fall asleep, go dazed, swoon”
fum- v. “to sleep”
fúme n. “(deep) sleep”
lor- v. “to slumber”
lorda adj. “slumbrous, drowsy”
murme n. “slumber, sleep”
murmea adj. “slumbrous”
muru- v. “to slumber, sleep”

4.62 Dream

fanóre n. “day-dream”
fantl n. “vision, dream, hazy notion, imaginary idea”
fanwe n. “dream”
olorda adj. “dreamy, drowsy; in dreams”
olóre n. “dream”
olórea adj. “dreamy, dreamlike”

4.63 to Wake

qíva adj. “awake”
qívie n. “awakening”

4.65 to Urinate; Urine

mis (mist-) n. “urine”

4.66 to Void Excrement; Dung, Excrement

múko n. “dung, stercus [Latin], *manure, muck”
mukta- v. “cacare [Latin], *to empty bowels”

4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse

puhta n. “coitus, *sex”
pukta- v. “*to copulate”

4.71 to Beget (of Father)

kiw- v. “*to germinate, impregnate”
puita- v. “to beget”

4.72 to Bear (of Mother)

nó- v. “to be born, become”
nosta n. “birth, birthday”
nosta- v. “to give birth to; to cause”

4.74 to Live; Living; Life

koina adj. “living, alive”
koire n. “life”
koirea adj. “alive, lively”
koiresta- v. “to spend one’s life”
koiva adj. “awake; lively, living”
koivie n. “awakening; liveliness”
laule n. “life, mode of life”
laulesta n. “livelihood”
laulesta- v. “to lead a life, gain a living”
lausiva adj. “living (of plants)”
loa n. “life”

4.75 to Die; Dead; Death

n. “last hour, last breath, (act of) death”
mána adj. “dead”
#narka² adj. “dead”
qal- v. “to die”
qalin adj. “dead, dying”
qalma adj. “deadly”
qalme n. “death, agony”
qalmea adj. “deathly”
qalna adj. “dead”
qalume¹ n. “death”
qalúmea adj. “deadly”
qele- v. “to perish; to fade”
urdu n. “death”
warda adj. “dead”

4.76 to Kill

maka- v. “to slay; to die”
makka n. “slaughter”
makta- v. “to slay, slaughter”
maktya- v. “to kill”
nahta- v. “to slay cruelly”

4.77 Corpse, Body

kaivo n. “corpse”
qelekte n. “carcase”
qelet (qelekt-) n. “corpse”

4.79 Grave, Tomb

kaune n. “grave”

4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful

anúva adj. “doughty”
nertu n. “strength”
polda adj. “mighty, powerful”
poldor n. “physical strength; might”
poldórea adj. “muscular, powerful”
tulka adj. “strong”
túre n. “might, strength, power”
túrea adj. “mighty”
turka adj. “strong”
turwa adj. “powerful”

4.84 Sick; Sickness

kaimassea adj. “confined to bed, a-bed, bedridden”
leuke (leuki-) adj. “sick, ill; pallid, wan”
leume n. “sickness”
naika² adj. “stricken ill, sick”
naiko adv. “*sickly”
qamba adj. “unwell, sick”
qáme n. “sickness, nausea”
qámea adj. “sick”
qolda adj. “ill”
qolima adj. “sickly, ailing”
qolimo n. “invalid”
qolo- v. “to ail”
qolu n. “disease”
qolúva adj. “pestilent, pestilential”
qolúvie n. “pestilence”

4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded

sastya adj. “sore, galled”
sist(e) (sisty-) n. “ulcer, sore, boil”
sistina adj. “ulcerated, sore”
welet (welekt-) n. “boil, tumor”

4.89 Poison

fuiyáru n. “deadly nightshade”
heno (henu-) n. “venom, poison”
henuva adj. “venomous, poisonous”

4.91 Tired, Weary

qinqa adj. “drooping, languid”
qinqele n. “languor”
qinqelea adj. “languorous”
qiqi- v. “to hang, droop”
#rúse (rúsi-) adj. “weary”
tarwa² adj. “tired”

4.93 Bald

falkasse(a) adj. “bald”

4.94 Lame

kauko (kauku-) n. “humpback”
kupta- v. “to hump up, look lumpy”
maita adj. “maimed”

4.99 Naked, Bare

falin adj. “bare, nude, fallow, wild (of land)”
falka¹ adj. “naked, bare”
hulin adj. “naked”
hulqa adj. “naked”
karp- v. “to pluck”
karpale n. “a plucking, tugging, wrenching; deceiving, tricking”

4.999 Body Parts and Functions (other)

lepsile (lepsily-) n. “tendril”

5. Food and Drink

5.11 to Eat

kamanta- v. “to make eat, give to eat”
lávear (láveard-) n. “glutton”
malu- v. “to devour”
manta adj. “eaten”
mata- v. “to eat”
matsa adj. “good to eat, nice”
matsima adj. “edible”
#-matwa suf. “*-eating”
nesta- v. “to feed”
nesta n. “(act of) feeding”
tyúka² n. “cud”
tyuku- v. “to chew”
tyus (tyuks-) n. “cud”
tyustyukta- v. “to chew the cud; to reflect, reminisce”

5.12 Food

koisimatl n. “animal food”
matl n. “food”
matso n. “food”
nes² (nest-) n. “food, feed, fodder”

5.13 to Drink

soko- v. “to drink”
sokto- v. “to give to drink, drench”
soq- v. “to drink”

5.14 Hunger

saike (saiki-) n. “hunger”
saikele n. “famine”
saikelea adj. “famished”
saikelta- v. “to starve”
saiqa adj. “hungry”
saita- v. “to be hungry (impersonal)”
saitya- v. “to starve”

5.15 Thirst

loime n. “thirst”

5.151 Thirsty

loimea adj. “thirsty”
loire (loiri-) adj. “thirsty”
loyo- v. “be thirsty (impers.)”

5.21 to Cook

maksa- v. “to cook”
maksar n. “cook”
maswa adj. “soft, cooked, ripe”

5.24 to Bake

mas- v. “to bake, cook”
torina adj. “baked, done”
toro- v. “to bake”

5.25 Oven

torma n. “oven”
urna n. “oven”

5.26 Pot

kalpa n. “bucket, vessel”
tambin (tambind-) n. “cauldron”

5.31 Dish

vene n. “small boat, vessel, dish”

5.33 Bowl

salpa n. “bowl”
tolpo n. “bowl”

5.34 Jug, Pitcher

olpe n. “bottle”
unqilla(r) n. “handle of jar; pothook”

5.35 Cup

ulma n. “flagon”

5.41 a Meal

mat (matt-) n. “meal, meal time”

5.51 Bread

korne n. “loaf”
masta n. “bread”
mastakorne n. “[bread] loaf”

5.52 Cake

korma n. “cake, lump”

5.55 Meal, Flour

mulma n. “fine flour”
pole (poli-) n. “oats, grain (unground kernels of oats, wheat, etc.); flour”
polesse n. “porridge”

5.56 to Grind

mard(a)- v. “to grind, pulverize”
mul(u)- v. “to grind”

5.57 Mill

mulmar n. “miller”
mulmin n. “mill”

5.61 Meat

koisimatwa adj. “carnivorous”
mimbematwa adj. “carnivorous”
tarqin(a) n. and adj. “salted, dried; salt meat”

5.614 Fat, Grease

laru n. “fat, grease”
laruke adj. “fat, rich”
larúva adj. “greasy”
lise (lihy-) n. “grease, butter”
lisiva adj. “greasy”
mange¹ (mangi-) n. “grease”
piule adj. “greasy, overfat; overfed, spoilt”
píwe n. “fatness, richness, goodness”
silk(in)a adj. “rich, fat, glossy”

5.64 Soup, Broth

sulpa n. “soup”

5.65 Vegetables

lausimatl n. “vegetable food”
lausimatwa adj. “vegetarian”

5.67 Pea

mildi coll. “pease”

5.69 Cabbage

kalar n. “lettuce”

5.71 Fruit

kulmarin (kulmarind-) n. “orange”
kulurin n. “orange; piece of gold”
marin n. “(ripe) fruit (of apple type)”
marinne n. “fruit tree”
yáva n. “fruit, produce”

5.72 Apple

orva n. “apple”

5.77 Nut

kote (kotsi-) n. “nut”
kotsia adj. “nutty”
kotsivoite adj. “nut-bearing, nutty”
kottule n. “hazel”

5.79 Oil

ilma¹ n. “oil”
ilqa adj. “oily, smooth, glossy”
millo n. “oil”

5.80 Berry

aipio n. “cherry”
melpo n. “gooseberry”
pio n. “berry, plum, cherry”
pi(o)pin n. “haws, fruit of hawthorns”
piukka n. “blackberry”

5.81 Salt

singe (singi-) n. “salt”
singwa adj. “salt”

5.84 Honey

ile n. “honey”
nekte n. “honey”
nektele n. “honeycomb”
nier (nies-) n. “(honey) bee”

5.86 Milk

ilimba adj. “milky”
ilin (ilim-) n. “milk”

5.88 Cheese

tyur (tyurd-) n. “cheese”

5.89 Butter

manya¹ n. “butter”
mingwe n. “butter”
qirme n. “cream”
telpe² n. “butter”
úle n. “butter”

5.91 Mead

miruvóre (miruvóri-) n. “nectar, drink of the Valar, sweet drink”

5.92 Wine

io n. “wine”
limpe n. “drink of the fairies, fairy-drink, elfwine”
miru n. “wine”
mirúva adj. “like wine, winy”
ulme n. “a kind of wine”

5.94 Juice

mark n. “ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture”
marqa adj. “oozy, juicy, moist”
maru n. “pulp”
pihye n. “sap, juice”
pulqe n. “juice”
vasa n. “juice”

5.999 Food (Other)

tyé n. “tea”

6. Clothing and Adornment

6.11 to Clothe, Dress

vaimata- v. “to robe”
vaina adj. “clad”

6.21 Cloth

lapil n. “swathe, flowing cloth”

6.22 Wool

karpan n. “hank (of wool etc.)”
oa n. “wool”
oalle n. “blanket”
oara adj. “of wool”
toa n. “wool”
ue n. “fleece”

6.25 Silk

samin (samind-) n. “silk”
saminda adj. “silken”

6.28 Fur

fara n. “fur, fell”
vóre (vóri-) n. “fur”
vórina adj. “of fur”
vóriva adj. “like fur”

6.29 Leather

alu n. “dressed leather”
límen n. “thong, band”

6.31 to Spin

piri- v. “to spin, turn”
pirpiri- v. “to twirl, twizzle”
piruke n. “swirl, twisting, pirouetting”
pirúk(end)ea adj. “pirouetting, whirling lightly”
qiri-¹ v. “to stir (make spin)”
werelinda adj. “twirling, pirouetting”

6.32 Spindle

qindl n. “a spindle, top”
werelin (werelind-) n. “whirligig”

6.33 to Weave

#kanga- v. “to weave, spin”
qint (qinty-) n. “loop, stitch in knitting”
qitima adj. “for knitting”
qitin adj. “knitted, joined tight”
qity- v. “to knit”
winda n. “woof”
wiste n. “weft”

6.34 Loom

tantl n. “shuttle”
windele n. “loom”

6.35 to Sew

neme- v. “to sew”

6.36 Needle

nelma n. “needle”

6.38 Thread

lia n. “twine”
líne n. “thread, cotton”
nemba n. “thread”

6.41 Cloak

karape n. “cloak, outer garment”

6.412 Overcoat

vaima n. “wrap, robe”

6.43 Coat

vakko n. “jacket, coat”

6.44 Shirt

laupe n. “tunic, shirt”

6.51 Shoe

hyapa n. “shoe”

6.52 Boot

saipo n. “boot”

6.53 Slipper

patinka n. “shoe, slipper”

6.55 Hat, Cap

serin (serind-) n. “wreath, crown”
táta n. “hat”

6.57 Belt, Girdle

qalta adj. “girdled, girt”
qilta n. “belt, girdle”
qilti- v. “to gird, encircle”

6.58 Glove

mantele n. “gauntlet”
mantl n. “glove”

6.63 Pin, Brooch

piek (piekk-) n. “pin”
pieksin n. “brooch”
pirin (pirind-) n. “thin rod, pin”

6.71 Adornment (personal)

qilin adj. “adorned, bright-coloured, embroidered”
qilinoite adj. “broidered”
qiltasse n. “(em)broidery”

6.72 Gem, Jewel

lúle n. “blue stone, sapphire”
lúlea adj. “sapphirine”
malikon (malikond-) n. “amber”
malikondea adj. “of amber”
marilla n. “pearl”
nindon (nindond-) n. “lapis lazuli”
nyelekka n. “onyx”
sinqe n. “jewel, gem”
sinqe?? adj. “sparkle as with gems”
sinqevoite adj. “gemmed”

6.75 Necklace

firinga n. “carcanet, necklace”

6.91 Comb

peqe- v. “to comb, card wool, tease”
peqen n. “comb”

6.94 Ointment

oinalis (oinaliss-) n. “ointment”
oine n. “unguent”

6.95 Soap

poime (poimi-) n. “soap”
poimine n. “lather, foam; mermaid”

6.999 Adornment (other)

enyarin n. “device, escutcheon, blazon”
fas (fats-) n. “tassel”
fatsale n. “(tasseled) fringe”
fatsevoite adj. “tasseled”
pimpilin (pimpilind-) n. “hanging tail, tassel”

7. Dwelling and Furniture

7.11 to Live, Dwell

laulema adj. “inhabiting”
laulemo n. “inhabitant”
manda- v. “to dwell, remain”
mara-¹ v. “to dwell, live”
mardo n. “dweller”
wasta- v. “to dwell”

7.12 House

indo n. “house”
indolis n. “domicile”
indor n. “master of house”
indositsina adj. “domestic(ated)”
os (ost-) n. “cottage, house”
san² (samb-) n. “hall, dwelling, house”

7.122 Home

indoite adj. “indoors, at home, homely, domestic”
kaime n. “dwelling, home”
mar¹ (mas-) n. “house, home, dwelling (of men); -land, the Earth”
osta n. “homestead”

7.15 Yard, Court

palis(te) n. “sward, green, lawn”

7.21 Room

kaimasan (kaimasamb-) n. “bed-room, bed-chamber”
sambe (samb-) n. “room, chamber”

7.22 Door, Gate

andon (andond-) n. “door, gate”
lat (latt-) n. “flap, small hinged door, lid”
pondo n. “gate”
posta n. “door”
#tarnon n. “door”

7.25 Window

lattin n. “window”

7.27 Wall

ossa n. “wall and moat”

7.28 Roof

tel (teld-) n. “roof”
telda adj. “having a roof”
telea adj. “*roofed”
telimbo n. “canopy; sky”
telintule (telintuli-) adj. “bearing a roof, roofed”
teltasse n. “awning”
túpele n. “roofing, tiles, roof”
tupin adj. “roofed, having a lid, having hat on”
tupu- v. “to roof, put lid on, put hat on, cover”

7.29 House (other)

túrion¹ (tūriond-) n. “palace”

7.31 Hearth, Fireplace

arin n. “hearth”
arinya adj. “fireside”
purin (purind-) n. “hearth”

7.412 Furniture (other)

ank (anq-) n. “loop, handle, ring”
tolos (toloss-) n. “knob, lump”

7.42 Bed

kaima n. “couch, bed”
kamba n. “bed”

7.43 Chair

sonda n. “seat, chair”
sóra¹ n. “seat”
sorin (sorind-) n. “throne”
tult (tulp-) n. “leg of chair, etc.”

7.44 Table

palasar (palasard-) n. “great table”
palukta n. “table”
sarno n. “table”

7.45 Lamp

kalume n. “an (artificial) light”
kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp”

7.46 Candle

katinka n. “candle”
neite n. “wax”

8. Agriculture and Vegetation

8.12 Field for Cultivation

arwa n. “field”
milnar(wa) n. “sown field”
pelto n. “hedge, hedged field”

8.13 Garden, Orchard

laukien (laukiend-) n. “vegetable or kitchen garden”
lotarwa n. “garden”
tarwa¹ n. “garden, enclosure”

8.14 Barn

tumpo n. “shed, barn”

8.212 Furrow

ríma n. “line of seeds planted, row, series, furrow”

8.22 to Dig, Delve

kava- v. “to dig”
sapa- v. “to dig”
satwa adj. “hollow, dug-out, excavated”

8.23 Spade

sampa n. “spade”

8.29 Blade, Share

hyanda¹ n. “blade, share”
taila n. “(axe) blade”
valke (valki-) n. “edge, sharp blade”

8.30 Plough

hyar (hyarm-) n. “plough”
hyar- v. “to plough”

8.31 to Sow; Seed

mile (mili-) n. “seed”
milin n. “grain of seed”
ore (ori-) n. “seed, grain”
orivaine n. “pod, seed pod, pea; peapod (a boat)”
orya- v. “to sow”
polu n. “kernel”
rista- v. “to plant”
ristale n. “sowing time”
ristar n. “sower”

8.32 to Mow, Reap

kilk- v. “to gather, reap”
silki- v. “to mow, scythe, mow down”
silkima adj. “ready for cutting”

8.33 Scythe, Sickle

kalka n. “sickle”
salka n. “scythe”

8.41 Crop, Harvest

silkesse n. “harvest”
toqo- v. “to yield, give, bear, bring forth”
yausta n. “crop”
#yava-¹ v. “to bear fruit”
yávan n. “harvest, autumn”

8.46 Oats

polenta n. “oatmeal”
polina adj. “oaten”

8.51 Grass

fen (feng-) n. “reed”
liske n. “sedge, reeds”
salki n. “grass”
salqe n. “grass, long mowing grass”

8.52 Hay

nesse n. “(green) fodder, herb, grass”

8.53 Plant, Herb

lauke (lauki-) n. “vegetable, plant (species)”
laute (lausi-) n. “living thing, (esp.) vegetable”

8.54 Root

móle n. “root”
tarka n. “root”
tarkele n. “great system of roots”

8.55 Branch

olwe(n) n. “branch, wand, stick”
rista n. “shoot (sowing), plant, seedling”
siripta n. “slender stem”
sirpe n. “stem, stalk, slender tube, etc.”
telko n. “stem”
tuista n. “spray, twig, sprout, shoot”

8.56 Leaf

lasse n. “leaf; petal”
lassea adj. “with leaves, leafy”
pat (papt-) n. “small leaf”

8.565 Thorn

ehta¹ n. “thorn”
ekke (ekki-) n. “thorn”
ekkia adj. “thorny”

8.57 Flower

lóte n. “flower, bloom, blossom”
lotella n. “floret”
lóteqilna adj. “broidered with flowers”
meril n. “flower”
tetl n. “small flower”

8.571 Bloom

lokte (loksi-) n. “blossom (of flowers), (flower) cluster, bunch”
lótea adj. “full of blossom”
lotóre n. “blooming, flowering, best time, flower”
tettele n. “burgeoning, efflorescence”

8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom

lokta- v. “to sprout, bud, put forth leaves or flowers”
lóto- v. “to bloom”
tetse n. “bud”
tuita- v. “to bud, burst, burgeon, grow”

8.575 Lily

ailinon n. “water lily”
narwe¹ n. “(sweet) lily”
nénu n. “yellow water lily”
nénuvar n. “pool of lilies”
qiqilla n. “Lily of the Valley”

8.58 Rose

kampilosse n. “wild-rose”
kampin n. “hips, (wild-rose) berries”
losille n. “rose”
losse n. “rose; (white) flower”

8.59 Violet

helin n. “pansy”
helinille n. “violet”
helinillea adj. “*violet [colour]”
helinwa adj. “of pansies; (of colour) a blue-violet”

8.599 Flower (other)

fumella n. “(red) poppy, *(lit.) flower of sleep”
kamillo n. “large poppy”
kamilot n. “red clover”
kankale-malina n. “daffodil, (lit.) yellow laughter”
qille¹ (qilli-) n. “blue-bell”
qillinin (qillinind-) n. “blue-bell”
qinqenna n. “Solomon’s-seal”

8.60 Tree (generic)

alda n. “tree, branch”
aldea adj. “tree-shadowed”
orne n. “tree”
taule¹ n. “great tree”

8.61 Oak

nor (norn-) n. “oak”
norne n. “oak (tree), oak in general”
nornea adj. “of oak”
nornelassea adj. “having oak-leaves”
orome n. “oak”

8.62 Beech

líneneldora adj. “having many beeches”
neldor n. “beech”
neldorin n. “beech-tree”
neldorion n. “beech wood”

8.63 Birch

polonde n. “alder”
sarko² n. “elder [tree]”
silqeléni n. “silver birch, (lit.) long tresses”
silwin (silwind-) n. “birch”
ulwe n. “alder tree”
ulwea adj. “alder-grown”
ulwenoite adj. “alderlike”
ulwe nornelassea n. “oakleaved alder”
ulwesse n. “alder-thicket”

8.635 Elm

alalme (alalmi-) n. “elm (tree)”

8.64 Pine

aikasse n. “pine-tree”
aikor n. “pine-tree”
aiqaire n. “fir, pine (tree)”
fine n. “larch”
hóre (hóri-) n. “pine, stone pine”
horinel (horinell-) n. “pine-needle”
pimpevinne n. “larch”
súke n. “resinous trees, pine or fir”

8.655 Tree (other)

lailekse n. “willow”
lindelokte n. “laburnum, (lit.) singing cluster”
lintasarindea adj. “having many willows”
lintyulussea adj. “having many poplars”
maisilanda n. “sycamore”
maite² n. “maple”
mapalin n. “plane [tree], sycamore”
mavoisi n. “chestnut”
palapapte n. “*sycamore”
paltyalda n. “palm tree”
randa n. “bark; peel, rind, outer ring, circumference”
siqilisse n. “weeping willow; lamentation”
tamuril n. “yew”
tapatenda mavoisi n. “Spanish [chestnut]”
tasarin n. “willow”
tyulusse n. “poplar”

8.67 Vine

etl n. “ivy”
liantasse n. “vine”
liante n. “tendril, vine”

8.99 Vegetation (other)

ektar² n. “hawthorn, thorn”
eldasilqe n. “maidenhair fern, (lit.) elf tress”
filqe n. “fern”
helilokte n. “wisteria, (lit.) purple cluster”
kolosta n. “cucumber”
nehta n. “hawthorn”
orikon n. “heather”
#oron¹ (orond-) n. “bush”
piosenna n. “holly”
pi(pi)nektar n. “whitethorn, hawthorn”
tarasse n. “hawthorn”
telumbe n. “mushroom, (lit.) fairy-canopy”

9. Physical Acts and Materials

9.11 to Do, Make

kara- v. “to do, make”

9.112 Doer, Agent

#-(a)r suf. “masculine/agental suffix”
#-mo suf. “agental suffix”
#-ndo suf. “masculine suffix”

9.114 Action

n. “deed, act, fact”
karma n. “shape, fashion; act, deed”
karo n. “deed, act, action”

9.14 to Bend

kauta- v. “to bend”

9.16 to Bind

hepe- v. “to bind”
lia- v. “to entwine”
lim- v. “to bind”
serta- v. “to tie”

9.17 Bond

hetl n. “bond”

9.18 Chain

limil n. “chain”

9.19 Rope, Cord

hempa n. “cord”
serma n. “string, cord”
tendl n. “string”

9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat

hyalta- v. “to strike, make ring”
lampa- v. “to beat, hit”
otto- v. “to knock”
panta-² v. “to beat”
pete- v. “to knock, strike”
pilt (pilty-) n. “blow, cuff, box on ear”
pilty- v. “to strike (esp. with flat hand)”
tanga- v. “to beat”
taran (taramb-) n. “bang, buffet”

9.22 to Cut

#feng- v. “to cut”
vilki- v. “to cut”

9.23 Knife (tool)

naika¹ n. “dagger”

9.24 Shears, Scissors

oalúme n. “shearing time”

9.25 Ax

hanta n. “a blow with an axe”
pelekko (pelekku-) n. “axe”
tuakka n. “battle axe”

9.26 to Break

laira- v. “to wear out, break up”
ranka adj. “broken”
rusta adj. “broken”
rúvina adj. “burst”

9.27 to Split

hyanda- v. “to mow, cleave”
kiri- v. “to cleave; *to sail”
kiris (kirist-) n. “cleft, crack”
kirkis n. “cleft, crack”
kisin adj. “cleft”
sahta-² v. “to split”

9.28 to Tear

sanka¹ n. “rend, jab”
ulqu- v. “*to rend”

9.29 to Flay, Skin

par- v. “to peel”
rara- v. “to scrape, peel, strip”
rasta n. “file, scraper”
ripta- v. “to cut in strips, tear up; to stripe, mark in parallel lines; to flay, flog”

9.31 to Rub

#wara- v. “to rub”

9.32 to Stretch

lenu- v. “to stretch”
rakta-¹ v. “to stretch out, reach”
tapa- v. “to taper, stretch out (intr.), extend thin”

9.33 to Draw, Pull

#halme n. “drawing”
hyehta- v. “to jerk”
hyekka n. “jerk”
kilt n. “tuck”
#kilti- v. “to jerk, tuck”
luk- v. “to pull”

9.34 to Strew, Spread Out

rína adj. and suf. “scattered, sown”
rísima adj. “scattered, ubiquitous, universal”
rísimande adv. “passim”

9.342 to Press

mal- v. “to crush, squeeze”
mald- v. “to pound, crush”
sanga-¹ v. “to pack tight, compress, press; to gather”

9.35 to Pour

kelta- v. “to draw water”
ulto- v. “to pour (tr.)”
ulu- v. “to pour, gush (intr.)”

9.36 to Wash

allu- v. “to wash”
allume n. “washing”
faskalan n. “bath”
lusta n. “warm water”
lusta- v. “to bathe in warm water”
lutto- v. “to swill, wash”
poita- v. “to cleanse”
poitya- v. “to make clean, tidy, straighten”
saune n. “bath, small pool”
sausa n. “bath water, hot water”
sovalle n. “washing, bathing”
sovo- v. “to wash”

9.413 Horn, Trumpet

likin n. “horn, curled horn”
likinda- v. “to blow a trumpet”
likinda n. “trumpet”
likinne n. “blowing of horns”
tumbe n. “trumpet, (large) horn”

9.422 Tool

enya n. “device (method, trick), machine, engine”
yaima n. “implement”

9.44 to Build

taqa- v. “to build, fashion, construct, make”
tump-¹ v. “to build; to beat”

9.45 to Hew

pelekta- v. “to hew”
tyakta- v. “hew”

9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab

ilt n. “dig, stab”
ilt- v. “to thrust home, come in”
irt (irty-) n. “peck, pinprick”
#irty- v. “to peck, prick”
keny- v. “to prick”
koli- v. “to prick”
kolimen n. “prick”
piekta- v. “to prick, pin-prick”

9.46 to Bore

ter- v. “*to pierce”

9.47 Auger

terendl n. “lathe”
teret (terekt-) n. “auger, borer, gimlet”

9.48 Saw

karkasarma adj. “large saw”
sara- v. “to saw”
sarma n. “saw”

9.49 Hammer

artan (artam-) n. “hammer”
petl n. “hammer”
tonga n. “great hammer”

9.50 Nail, Peg

tanka² n. “fastening, rivet”
tas (taks-) n. “nail”

9.51 Beam

súle n. “column, pillar”
taule² n. “pillar”
tulwe n. “tall thin pillar, standard, pole; banner”
vandl n. “staff”
vanga¹ n. “staff”

9.52 Board

palta n. “shelf”
panta² n. “board”
sarat (sarakt-) n. “plank”
saratwa adj. “made of planks”

9.54 Brick

telar n. “brick, tile”

9.60 Smith

talka¹ n. “smith”
tongar n. “smith”

9.61 to Forge

tamin n. “forge”

9.62 Anvil

onin n. “anvil”

9.635 Metal

sinqina adj. “metallic”

9.64 Gold

kulu n. “gold”
kuluina adj. “golden”
kululta adj. “of gold”
kulusta n. “gold coin”
kuluva adj. “of gold”
kuluvoite (kuluvoisi-) adj. “golden”
laure (lauri-) n. “(mystic name of) gold”
laurea adj. “golden”
laurina adj. “golden”

9.65 Silver

ilsa n. “(mystic name of) silver”
telepta adj. “*silver”
telpe¹ (telpi-) n. “silver; money”
telpea adj. “silvern”
telpina adj. “of silver”

9.66 Copper, Bronze

kalas (kalass-) n. “brass”
kalassina adj. “brazen”
tambe (tambi-) n. “copper, bronze”
tambina adj. “of copper”

9.67 Iron

akse (aksi-) n. “steel”
aksína adj. “[of] steel”
anga n. “iron”
angaina adj. “of iron”
ere(n) n. “iron, steel”
malo² n. “rust”
tong??a adj. “of iron”
tongo n. “iron”
tongwa adj. “like iron”
yakse¹ n. “steel”
yaksina adj. “of steel”
yeraina adj. “of iron”
yere(n) n. “pig iron”
yerenwa adj. “like iron”

9.68 Lead

kanu n. “lead”
kanuina adj. “of lead”
kanuva adj. “leaden”
núle (núli-) n. “lead”

9.69 Tin, Tin-Plate

latúken n. “tin”
latukenda adj. “of tin”

9.71 Potter

kere n. “earthenware; earthen jar”
kereksa adj. “of earthenware”
keres (kerest-) n. “earthenware”
keresto n. “potter”

9.74 Glass

lipil n. “a tiny (fay-)glass”
sintl n. “crystal”
talku- v. “to glaze”
talqe (talqi-) n. “glass”
talqea adj. “glassy”
talqina adj. “made of glass”
vírin n. “glass substance [used to make the Moon]”

9.76 Basket

kolka n. “box”
poko n. “bag”

9.81 to Carve

nyas (nyast-) n. “scratch, score, line, mark”
nyasa- v. “to scratch”

9.83 Statue

ondole n. “stone monument; stone-cairn”

9.90 Thing

nat (natt-) n. “thing”
natto (nattu-) n. “thing, affair”

9.91 Be

e-² v. “to be”
ná- v. “to be, exist”
nasta n. “existence, being, creature”
ó- v. “to be”
sóma n. “state, condition”

9.93 Need, Necessity

iqis (iqist-) n. “requirement”

9.95 Can, May

-alka suf. “able to”
-ima suf. “-able, possible”
lata- v. “to be able to (used of opportunity, permission)”
mala-² v. “to be able to (used of capacity, ability)”
mále n. “ability”
málea adj. “able”
turu-¹ v. “can, to be able”

9.97 Difficult

auqa adj. “awkward, clumsy (of things), difficult”

9.98 to Try

tyasa- v. “to test, try, pick, choose”
tyasta- v. “to put to the test”

9.993 to Happen

enget n. “a hap”
mart- v. “to happen (impers.)”
marta- v. “to chance”

10. Motion and Transportation

10.11 to Move

hatse n. “headlong movement”
lev- v. “to move (intr.)”
túma adj. “moving”

10.12 to Turn

kere- v. “to turn”

10.13 to Turn Around

peltas (peltaks-) n. “pivot”
rinqa adj. “round, circular; revolving, returning, recurrent”
riqi- v. “to wrench, twist”

10.14 to Wind, Wrap

lapa- v. “to wrap, swathe, wind”
lingwilla n. “coil, spire”
makse n. “net”
maksella n. “mesh”
makseta- v. “to enmesh”
vaita- v. “to wrap”

10.15 to Roll

konta- v. “to roll up, roll, pack”
tolu- v. “to roll up, furl”
velu- v. “to unroll, unfurl”

10.21 to Rise

oro- v. “to rise”
orosta¹ n. “ascension”
róna- v. “to arise, rise, ascend”
rosta- v. “*to rise”

10.22 to Lift, Raise

amu- v. “to raise”
orto- v. “to raise”
qalume² adj. “heaving”

10.225 to Hang, Dangle

kinka- v. “to hang (intr.)”
kinkata- v. “to hang (tr.)”
pipte- v. “to fall (of folds or clusters), hang, trail”

10.23 to Fall

iltanka adj. “unsteady”
lant- v. “to fall, drop”
lanta n. and adj. “fall, falling; fallen, falling”
lantanwa adj. “*fallen”
númeta- v. “to get low (of the Sun), go down in the west”
núta- v. “to stoop, sink”
talta adj. “shaky, wobbling, tottering; sloping, slanting”
tilt- v. “to make slope, incline (tr.), decline, shake at foundations, make totter”

10.24 to Drop

lipte- v. “to drip”
litl n. “tiny drop”

10.25 to Throw

hata- v. “to hurl, fling”

10.26 to Shake

pal- v. “to shake”
palme n. “shaking”
pampile n. “trembling”
pampil(e)a adj. “tremulous”
pampine n. “tremor, earthquake”
papa- v. “to tremble”
qap- v. “to throb, flutter”
qapta-² v. “to flap”
qasa- v. “to shake, flap, nod, rustle”

10.31 to Boil (intr.)

pumpo n. “bubble; bladder; blister”
pumpole n. “bubble; merboy”
pus (pust-) n. “boil”
welba adj. “boiling, bubbling”
welbe n. “bubble”
wele- v. “to boil, bubble”

10.32 to Flow

keleta n. “trickle”
kelu- v. “to flow”
linya- v. “to run or flow smoothly”
lúto n. “flood”
siri- v. “flow”
sírima adj. “liquid, flowing”
sóla n. “tide”

10.33 to Sink

sunqa adj. “going down, descending; abysmal, deep, profound”
sunqe n. “going-down, descent, down-fall; abyss, depth”
sunqelaina adj. “falling, fading, setting”
sunqele n. “sinking, falling, setting of heavenly bodies”
sunqelea adj. “westering, setting”
suq- v. “to fall, fail, go down, die down”
tum- v. “to dive”

10.34 to Float

lutu- v. “to flow, float, sail”

10.36 to Sail

salta- v. “to sail”

10.37 to Fly

wili- v. “to sail, fly, float”

10.38 to Blow

pus- v. “to puff, snort”
pusilla n. “puff, whiff, breeze”
pusse n. “puff”
#pusta- v. “to blow”
pusulpe n. “gas-bag, balloon”
pusulta- v. “to puff out with one’s breath”
sur- v. “to blow”

10.43 to Jump, Leap

halta- v. “to leap”
hampa- v. “to hop”
kap- v. “to jump, leap”
kapta-² v. “to leap”
tanta-¹ v. “to bounce, bound, rebound”
tantila- v. “to hop”
tantya- v. “to set bouncing”

10.432 Leaping

haloite adj. “leaping”
kapalima adj. “bounding, leaping”
kapanda n. “jump”
tanta(ra) adj. “bouncing, resilient”

10.44 to Dance

lilt- v. “to dance”
lilt n. “dance”
liltie n. “dancing, dance”
tanta-² v. “to dance (tr.), dandle, wave”
tantare n. “dance”

10.45 to Walk

lopeta- v. “to amble, lop”
pata- v. “to rap, tap (of feet)”
ramba- v. “to walk”

10.46 to Run

lopo- v. “to gallop, run (of animals)”
loqo- v. “to run (of human beings)”
nornoro- v. “to run on, run smoothly and hum”
norolinde adj. “tripping lightly”
nyoro- v. “to run”
pelte- v. “to run”
yuro n. “a run, race”
yuru- v. “to run”

10.47 to Go

ere-² v. “to go”
inta- v. “to go (indefinite), fare, proceed”
tie- v. “to go”

10.48 to Come

*lé- v. “to come, be sent, approach”

10.49 to Depart, Go Away

#ava- v. “to depart”
avande interj. “get hence!”
avanwa adj. “going, passing, nearly gone”
vana- v. “to pass, depart, vanish, go away”
vanwa adj. “gone, on the road, past, over, lost”

10.50 to Fade

#hista- v. “to fade”
minda- v. “to diminish, fade, lessen, vanish”
minga adj. “waning”

10.53 to Pursue

rawa- v. “to run, chase”

10.54 to Overtake

lak (laq-) n. “snare”
laqa- v. “to catch, seize, snare”

10.57 to Enter

elte- v. “to thrust in, drive [in]”
mitta- v. “to enter (intr.)”
pen prep. “through”
perma n. “passage; pass, aperture”
ter prep. “through”

10.61 to Bear, Carry

tala- v. “to carry, bring; to weigh (intr.)”
yulu- v. “to carry”

10.62 to Bring

tulalka adj. “able to bring”
túlima adj. “(worth bringing) bringable, able to be brought”
tulinya adj. “(bringable) worth bringing”
tulu- v. “to bring, carry, fetch; to move (intr.), come; to produce, bear fruit”
tulya- v. “to send, bring”

10.63 to Send

esta- v. “to send”

10.645 to Wander, Stray

palava- v. “to stray, wander”
paláva adj. “wandering”
palwa- v. “to make wander”

10.65 to Drive

#ele- v. “to drive; to come”

10.66 to Ride

lehesta n. “ride, riding, raid”
lehta- v. “to ride, move (tr.)”

10.67 to Push, Shove

elta n. “a thrust”

10.71 Road

aldeon (aldeond-) n. “avenue (of trees)”
vasta n. “road”

10.72 Path

raume n. “running, course”
tie n. “line, direction, route, road, path”
#van (vand-) n. “way, path”

10.73 Street

malle n. “street, road”

10.74 Bridge

penda¹ n. “bridge”
ranta¹ n. “arch, bridge”
sarapenda n. “wood-bridge”

10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage

norolle n. “cart”

10.76 Wheel

qirin n. “wheel”

10.78 Yoke

yalta n. “yoke”
yarta n. “yoke”

10.81 Ship

kirya n. “ship, boat”
kiryassea adj. “what is on board ship”
markirya n. “ark”
#veakirya n. “sea-ship”

10.82 Sailor

veniel n. “mariner”
yarendila adj. “like a sailor”
yarendilyon n. “sailor”

10.83 Boat

lunte (lunti-) n. “ship, boat”

10.87 Mast

tyulma n. “mast”

10.88 Sail

tala² n. “sail”
velunte n. “sail”

10.90 Port, Harbor

11. Possession and Trade

11.12 to Own, Possess

makte² (maksi-) n. “hold, grip, power, possession”
milk(i)- v. “to possess, have, keep”
#yaim- v. “to possess”

11.13 to Take

lep- v. “to take”

11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

#aqa- v. “to seize”
mapa- v. “to seize, take; to ravish, seize and carry off forcibly”

11.15 to Hold

kulp- v. “to contain”
vaine (vaino-) n. “sheath, pod”
yava-² v. “to hold”

11.16 to Get, Obtain

nete- [ñ-] v. “to get”
túvima adj. “acceptable”
tuvu- v. “to receive, accept, take, require, cost”

11.21 to Give

an (and-) n. “gift”
anar (anard-) n. “giver”
anta- v. “to give”

11.22 to Return, Give Back

#antulu- v. “to return”

11.23 to Restore

loista- v. “to refresh”

11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

alantya adj. “*shielded, protected”
alatya- v. “to shield, ward off, protect”
moina adj. “safe, secure”
qára n. “watch, ward”
tarqa- v. “to dry, preserve; to pickle”

11.25 to Save, Rescue

resta- v. “to aid, come to aid of, rescue, save”

11.27 to Destroy

faikar n. “destroyer, slayer; bane”
qeletya- v. “to perish”
qelme n. “ruin, utter end, perdition, end, death”

11.28 to Harm, Injure, Damage

hyan- v. “to injure”
hyanda² n. “harm, damage”
mala-¹ v. “to hurt, pain”

11.29 to Spoil

avalta- v. “to strip, despoil, denude”
hessa adj. “dead, withered”
hesta- v. “to wither”
il(l)oite adj. “withered, dead”
minu- v. “to make less, decrease, spoil, alter for worse”
narqa adj. “faded, shrivelled”
narqa- v. “to wither”
narqele n. “fading, withering”
qeleksie n. “rot, corruption”
qeleksima adj. “corrupt, rotten”
tyurda adj. “curdled”
tyuru- v. “to ‘turn’ milk, curdle (blood etc.)”

11.31 to Seek

saka- v. “to pursue, look for, search”
satl n. “search, enquiry”
tuktalla n. “*search”
tuku- v. “to go in search of, look for, fetch”

11.34 to Release

erefainu n. “release”
fainu- v. “to release”
lapta- v. “?to relax, loosen”
#úsiéra adj. “*escaped”
usu- v. “to escape, get out”
uswe n. “escape, issue, outlet”

11.41 Property

aute¹ n. “goods, property, wealth, money”

11.42 Wealth, Riches

ausie n. “wealth”
milkin n. “wealth”

11.43 Money

telpilin n. “silver piece”

11.46 Treasure

foa n. “hoard, treasure”

11.51 Rich

aute² (ausi-) adj. “rich”
avarna adj. “very rich”
malke (malki-) adj. “rich”

11.52 Poor

mange² n. “lack, want, shortage”
oika adj. “poor”
oise n. “poverty”
oiswa adj. “poor”

11.53 Beggar

iq- v. “to beg, ‘pray’ [ask earnestly]”

11.56 to Steal

naqa- v. “to steal”
pili- v. “to steal”

11.57 Thief

naqar n. “thief”
pilu n. “thief, robber”

11.64 Debt

paitya- v. “to repay, requite”

11.66 Account, Reckoning

qoto- v. “to count up, reckon; to account, call up; to think, consider”

11.69 Tax

toko- v. “to feel with the hand, handle; to appraise, tax, assess, assay; to try, test, essay, endeavour”

11.72 Cost, Expense

vil(de) n. “matter, business, affair, thing”
#vildi- v. “to matter; to be of significance, worth, moment”
vildima adj. “essential, imperative”

11.82 to Sell

qampa n. “peddlar-goods”
qampa- v. “to hawk goods”
qampale n. “chaffering”
vakse n. “sale”

11.83 to Trade

qapa- v. “to chaffer, bargain, swap, barter”
qapta n. “deal, bargain”
qapta-¹ v. “to exchange”
qaptale n. “exchange”
vaktele n. “trade”

11.84 Merchant, Tradesman

qampo n. “pedlar, huckster”
vaktelear n. “merchant”

11.85 Market (place)

vanko n. “wares”
#vat (vakt-) n. “wares”

11.88 Dear, Expensive

valda n. and adj. “worth; worthy, dear”
valdea adj. “of moment, important”

12. Spatial Relations

12.11 Place

arda n. “place, spot”
larma n. “area, space, room”
larmavoite adj. “roomy, spacious”
#panyara adj. “?setting”

12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay

kasóro- v. “to make sit, set”
pano n. “series, course, plan, arrangement”
panya- v. “to plan, arrange, intend, mean”
sorto- v. “to set, settle”

12.13 to Sit

haka- v. “to squat”
soro- v. “to sit”
sorta- v. “to sit down”

12.14 to Lie, Recline

kaima- v. “to lie quiet”
kaita- v. “to place, lie down”
kaitoile n. “rest”
kama- v. “to lie down; (c. loc.) to endure, suffer”
kamu- v. “to lay down, bend down, reduce”
kaya- v. “to lie”
láta- v. “to spread, extend, lie (of country)”

12.15 to Stand

hyá- v. “to stand”
nohto- v. “to stick out”
tyulta- v. “to rear up, stick up”

12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain

har- v. “to remain”
masta- v. “to tarry, linger”

12.17 to Remain, be Left Over

#er- v. “to remain”
sal- v. “?to remain or remove”

12.19 Quiet

qie adj. “calm at sea”
qilda adj. “quiet, hushed, still”
qilde n. “quiet, rest, hush”
qildi- v. “to rest, stay quiet, be quiet”
rua adj. “steady, still, tranquil”
rue n. “rest, stillness, remaining, steadfastness”

12.195 Whisper

hyasse n. “rushing ?hence (?noise)”
hyasta- v. “to rush, rustle”
qiri-² v. “to murmur”
qirqirinda adj. “murmuring”
qirqirinde n. “murmuring”
qisi- v. “to whisper”
qisqiri- v. “to rustle, murmur”
ulmula adj. “mumbling”
vassale n. “rustling”

12.21 to Gather, Collect

arm- v. “to gather, collect”
hosta- v. “*to gather”
hostalka adj. “able to gather”
#kum- v. “to pile up”
lese- v. “to come together, gather (intr.)”
lesta- v. “to collect (tr.)”
rakta-² v. “to pile, hoard, amass, collect”

12.22 to Join, Unite

lekte- v. “to join together, dovetail, fit in, splice”
leqet (leqett-) n. “joint”
oksa n. “joint”
pak- v. “to apply, attach”
taka- v. “to fix, fasten”
tyak- v. “to stick”
yanta² adj. “joined”

12.221 Together

le² prep. “with (accompaniment)”
ma- pref. “together, in one”
-ngwe suf. “*together”
so- pref. “grouped, together”
va- pref. “together”

12.222 And

ar(a) conj. “but; and”
ya(n) conj. “and”

12.223 Also

aru adv. “in addition, as well, besides”
yando adv. “also”

12.23 to Separate

koluke n. “strainer”
silt- v. “to sift, sort out, winnow”
silta n. “sieve”
siltina adj. “winnowed”

12.232 to Divide

#ranta² n. “part”
tirt (tirty-) n. “part, portion, share, section”
tirtina adj. “divided, shared, distributed”
tirty- v. “to partition, divide, part, distribute”

12.24 to Open

apta- v. “to open”
apte (*apti-) adj. “open”
panta¹ adj. “open, wide, spreading”
panta-¹ v. “to open, unfold, spread”
pantie n. “unfolding, opening, revealing”
patsima adj. “wide open”

12.26 to Cover

talda adj. “covered”
telin (telimb-) n. “roof, covering”
#tildi- v. “to cover”
tump-² v. “to cover”
túpo n. “roof, cover, lid”
vaile n. “covering, *sheath”

12.27 to Hide, Conceal

lom- v. “to hide, lurk”
moru- v. “to hide, conceal, lurk”

12.272 Hidden, Concealed

foina adj. “hidden, secret”
furin adj. “hidden, concealed”

12.31 High

aiqale n. “a steep, steepness”
aiqie n. “highness, height”
alva adj. “?lofty”
ankasse(a) adj. “lofty, tall, (lit.) up-headed, high-headed”
anwa adj. “high up, place high”
ordie n. “height, loftiness”
orwa adj. “lofty”
tá¹ adj. and adv. “high; high above, high up”
tahóra adj. “lofty”
tára adj. “lofty, high, tall”
tárie n. “height”

12.32 Low

hunda adj. “low, lowly”

12.33 Top

ána n. “crown of head, top”
ormin n. “top”

12.34 Bottom

sulmin n. “base of a pillar, base of column”
talpa n. “support, prop, base, basis, pediment (column)”
tauma n. “basis, foundation, ground floor”
tulpo n. “buttress, prop”

12.35 End

lappa n. “loose-end, end of rope, hem of robe”
talma² n. “end”

12.352 Point

kent n. “a sharp point”
kolme n. “point, tip”
kolmekta adj. “pointed”
kolosilde n. “long thin point”
mente n. “peak, tip”
tilde n. “point, tip, peak”
tinda n. “spike”
tinde (tindi-) adj. “spiked, pointed, barbed”

12.353 Edge

kante n. “edge”
kíla n. “edge, rim”
rimbe n. “edge, lip, brim”
taste n. “fringe”
teluste (telusti-) n. “extremity”

12.37 Middle

mekilwa adj. “central”
meqa adj. “middle”

12.38 Center

mekta adj. “centre”
mekte n. “heart; centre”
metl (mekil-) n. “centre”
tóle¹ n. “centre”
tólea adj. “central, middle”

12.391 In, Inside

hir (hird-) n. “inwards, interior, inside, heart”
imi adv. “in, inside”
int adv. “inwards”
ir (ird-) n. “interior, centre, inwards, inner parts”
mi prep. “*in”
mitta¹ prep. and adv. “in, into, inwards”

12.392 Out, Outside

ere-¹ pref. “out”
eru¹ adv. “outward”
erúmea adj. “outer, outermost”
erus(ta) adj. and n. “outside”
es- pref. “*out”
est adj. “outwards”

12.393 Across, Athwart

arta prep. “across, athwart”
lahta- v. “‽”
o prep. “over, across, along”
tara- v. “to cross, go athwart, cross rivers”
tarna n. “passage, ford, crossing”

12.394 Up, Above, Over

amba adv. “up”
ambapenda adj. “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”
am(u)- pref. “up(wards)”
amu adv. “up(wards)”
amunta adj. “up, risen (of the sun)”
kasse prep. “above”
or prep. “on; above, upon”
orta prep. “above”
(or)tande adv. “above (of motion upwards)”
ta² prep. “on, above; by, beside; than”

12.395 Down, Below, Beneath

hant adv. “down, to the ground”
nu prep. “under”
nún adv. “beneath”
ú prep. “beneath”
úva adj. “the under”

12.3955 In Front

nóva adj. “ahead, foremost, leading”

12.396 Behind, At the Rear

pimpina adj. “trailing”
ponte (ponti-) n. “back, rear”
pote (potsi-) adv. “after, behind (of place)”
potsina adj. “rearward, back, rear, hinder; next, following; second”

12.397 Beyond

ala³ prep. “beyond, after; before”

12.398 To, Towards

an(a) prep. “to(wards); until”
-r² suf. “*allative”
tande adv. “thither”

12.399 From, Away

au prep. “away from”
kallo adv. and prep. “off, from off, from on top of, from on”
-llo suf. “from, out of; ablative suffix”
ô prep. “from”
va prep. “from; with”
vá¹ adv. and adj. “gone forth, away”
vande¹ adv. “away, hence, forth”

12.41 Right (vs. Left)

póya adj. “[unglossed]”

12.42 Left (vs. Right)

malenka adj. “left handed”

12.43 Near

ar² (as-) prep. “to, against, next, on (wall)”
are¹ adv. “beside, along”
har(e) adv. “near”
hyá adv. “here by us”
hya¹ pron. “this by us”
hya² prep. “by”
ma¹ prep. “*by”
tange¹ adv. “close to, by”
tange² (tangi-) adj. “close, near”

12.45 East

Ambalar n. “the East”
oronto n. “East, rising (of the sun)”

12.46 West

núme n. “west”
númea adj. “in the west, western”
numenda adj. “western”

12.47 North

póme n. “north”
pómea adj. “northern”
pómear n. “northern man, norseman”

12.51 Form, Shape

táqa n. “form, shape”
terenwa adj. “shapely, well tuned”
venie n. “shape, cut”
venta- v. “to cut, shape”

12.53 to Grow

#ala- v. “?to grow”
lotórea adj. “flourishing”

12.54 to Measure

talma¹ n. “weight, measure”
talme n. “weight (abst.)”

12.55 Big, Large, Great

úmea adj. “large”
velike (veliki-) adj. “great, large”
velikse adv. “greatly”
yanta¹ adj. “large”

12.56 Small, Little

inya adj. “tiny”
mike adv. “little, a (little) bit; diminutive”
minwa adj. “small”
mitya adj. “little (in quantity)”
pínea adj. “small”
pinilya adj. “small”
titta adj. “tiny”

12.565 Bit, Small Thing

mie² n. “bit, small piece”
min¹ (mind-) n. “bit, piece”
mitta² n. “piece, bit (of indeterminate size)”
n. “speck, spot, dot, mote”

12.57 Long

ande(a) (andi-) adj. “long (of space)”
-léni suf. “long”
limbelu adv. “*long”
sóra² adj. “long, trailing”

12.58 Tall

aiqa adj. “steep, tall; high, lofty, sublime; chief”
oronta adj. “steep”
tyulin adj. “tall”

12.61 Wide, Broad

aika adj. “broad, vast”
halda adj. “wide, broad”
landa adj. “wide, broad”

12.62 Narrow

fingil n. “narrows, straits, gulf”
fingwa adj. “narrow”
kolwa adj. “narrow, thin”
lenuva adj. “tight, narrow”
lenwa adj. “long and thin, straight, narrow”

12.63 Thick (in Dimension)

fambo n. “fat man”
fauka adj. “fat, large”
piute- v. “to flourish, batten, grow fat”
pulu- v. “to swell (intr.)”
pyúva adj. “fat”
tyúka¹ adj. “thick”

12.64 Thick (in Density)

sangwa adj. “tight, thick, dense, tough, hard”
tiuka adj. “dense, solid”
tiure (tiuri-) adj. “compact”
tunga adj. “thick, dense”
tyúre (tyúri-) adj. “stout, dense, compact”

12.65 Thin (in Dimension)

minya¹ adj. “fine, slender”
pinqe (pinqi-) adj. “slender, thin”
pinqisil(da) (pinqisild-) adj. “(slender and) tapering”
sild(r)a adj. “slender”

12.66 Thin (in Density)

filume adj. “gossamer”
filwa adj. “fine, thin”

12.67 Deep

tumna adj. “deep, profound, dark or hidden”

12.71 Flat

enqe² (enqi-) n. “plane, level”
palo (palu-) n. “plane surface, plain, the flat”
paluva adj. “even, flat, level”

12.72 Hollow, Concave

ronta adj. “hollow”
róta n. “tube, hollow cylinder”
rotse n. “pipe, tube”

12.73 Straight

tea¹ adj. “straight”
tína adj. “straight”

12.74 Crooked

kauka adj. “crooked, bent, bowed, humped”
pereqa adj. “crooked”

12.75 Hook, Crook

lempe² n. “crook, hook”
lepta¹ adj. “hooked (as a tendril)”
unqu-¹ v. “to hook into, catch (fish), catch in, etc.”

12.76 Angle, Corner

nelqa adj. “cornered”
nelt n. “corner (from outside)”
winka n. “corner, nook”

12.77 Cross

tarwe n. “cross, crucifix”
tarwesta- v. “to crucify”

12.78 Square

neldenelqa n. “square, quadrilateral”

12.81 Round

kómea adj. “globe-shaped, round”
korima adj. “round”
pele- v. “to surround, fence in, pen in”
rimni adv. “around, all around”
#rinki adj. “orbed”
toloise adj. “rounded, cylindrical”
werin(a) adj. “round”

12.82 Circle

korin n. “circular enclosure, great circular hedge”
pirimbe n. “ring, circle”
pirindea adj. “cylindrical”
pirinumbe n. “cylinder (hollow)”
rinko n. “disc, orb, circle”

12.83 Sphere

kóma n. “a ball”
kut (kupt-) n. “lump, ball”
tolupe (tolupi-) n. “roll, ball of wool”

12.84 Line

rimpe (rimpi-) n. “stripe, strip”
rimp(in)a adj. “striped”

12.85 Hole

apsa n. “hole, opening”
nolmo n. “pit”
sapsa n. “pit, grave”
sat (sapt-) n. “hole”
tunda n. “hole”

12.91 Equal, Alike

aryúlima adj. “equal, equivalent”
iminqa adj. “exactly alike, identical”
inqa adj. “same”
inqavíka adj. “exactly alike, identical”
inqile n. “sameness”

12.92 Like, Similar

avealta- v. “to resemble closely”
avíka adj. “very much alike”
senda adj. “like, something like, similar”
sesta- v. “to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate”
seste n. “similarity”
sestima adj. “comparable”
sovea adj. “alike”
vea¹ adj. “similar, like”
veasta n. “resemblance, comparison”
víkana- v. “to compare”
-víke suf. “as”
víke adj. “like”

12.925 Different, Other

etya adj. “other (of two)”
etyo n. “other (of two)”
nyan(do) n. “another, other (of many)”
nyanya adj. “another, other (of many)”
vára adj. “other”
varya adj. “different”

12.93 to Change

varta n. “change”

13. Quantity and Number

13.11 Amount, Quantity

qotta n. “sum, number, account, total”

13.12 Number

limbe n. “a number”
tanta n. “number”
#tasinwa adj. “numbered”
-wen suf. “*number suffix”

13.13 Whole

kaina² adj. “whole”
kaino n. “whole”

13.14 All, Every

máka adj. “each, every”
oma n. “everywhere”
omarimni adv. “everywhere about”
ompa adj. “each; all, every”
ompinasta n. “everyone”
on(t) (om-) n. “everything”

13.15 Much, Many

lia(r) adj. “many”
limba adj. “many”
li(n)- pref. “many”
mai¹ adv. “too much”
olli adj. “many”
olt pron. “much (subst.)”
olya adv. “much”

13.16 More

olda adj. “more; much”
oldo(s) adv. “more”

13.165 to Add, Increase

olto- v. “to increase, multiply”
velitya- v. “to magnify”
yanta- v. “to add to, enlarge, increase, augment”

13.17 Few, Little

manka adj. “few”

13.19 Crowd, Multitude

horma n. “horde, host”
ille (illi-) n. “throng, crowd”
illia adj. “in multitudes”
sanga n. “throng, tight mass, crowd”

13.192 Other Collective Words

anqin n. “bunch”
imbile n. “swarm, flock”
kart (*karp-) n. “bunch, tuft”
lerendi n. “brotherhood, association, college”
lesta n. “gathering, assembly”
lielesta n. “folk moot”
limna n. “sheaf”
nostale n. “species, kind; nature”
panna n. “arrangement, grouping; book”
soleste n. “collection”

13.21 Full

kunta adj. “full”
qanta adj. “full, whole, all”
qanta- v. “to fill, complete”

13.22 Empty

munta n. “nothing”

13.24 Half

lempe³ fraction. “one half”
lempea² adj. “half”
lenya adj. “half”

13.25 Fraction, Division

enqellume adv. “*six times”
enqesto fraction. “one sixth”
enqest(y)a adj. “one sixth”
huesto fraction. “one ninth”
huest(y)a adj. “one ninth”
kantallume adv. “*four times”
kantasto fraction. “quarter, one fourth”
kantast(y)a fraction. “quarter, one fourth”
keallume adv. “*ten times”
kesto fraction. “one tenth”
kestya fraction. “one tenth”
lemillume adv. “*five times”
lemindea adj. “quintuple”
leminto fraction. “one fifth”
lemintya fraction. “one fifth”
maisinto fraction. “one thousandth”
maisintya fraction. “one thousandth”
mindórinto fraction. “one millionth”
mindórintya fraction. “one millionth”
minqellume adv. “*eleven times”
minqesto fraction. “one eleventh”
minqest(y)a fraction. “one eleventh”
nelke(a)llume adv. “*thirteen times”
nelkesto fraction. “one thirteenth”
nelkestya fraction. “one thirteenth”
otsollume adv. “*seven times”
otsonto fraction. “one seventh”
otsontya fraction. “one seventh”
*-sto suf. “fraction suffix”
toltosto fraction. “one eighth”
toltost(y)a fraction. “one eighth”
tuksallume adv. “*hundred times”
tuksanto fraction. “one hundredth”
tuksantya fraction. “one hundredth”
yukainellume adv. “*twenty times”
yukainento fraction. “one twentieth”
yukainentya fraction. “one twentieth”
yunqetto fraction. “one twelfth”

13.31 Numerals

lempea¹ adj. “decimal”

13.32 One

ellume adv. “*one time”
eru² adv. “once”
erya adj. “only, single”
min² num. card. “one (in a series); the first”
mir num. card. “one”

13.33 Alone, Only

er¹ adj. and adv. “one, only, alone, a single”
er² adv. and conj. “only, but, still”
erda adj. “solitary, deserted”
eresse (eressi-) adv. “alone, by oneself, singly, only; once”
eressea adj. “lonely”

13.34 First

kastea adj. “of the head; head-, capital, chief”
minya² num. ord. “first”
minyallume adv. “firstly”

13.35 Last

oilima adj. “last”
oilimaite adj. “final, ultimate, last”
telúmea adj. “final, conclusive, end; last; extreme”
telusta adj. “outer, extreme, ultimate”

13.36 Two

aqi adj. “a brace, a couple of, both”
satta adj. “both”
satto adj. “both; the two”
yunga n. “twin”

13.38 Double, Twice

at- pref. “bi-, twi-”
attala- v. “?double”
potsinallume adv. “a second time”
*ui adj. “*two”
adv. “twice”
yullume adv. “twice, *two times”

13.41 Three

nelde num. card. “three; four”
ole¹ num. card. “three”

13.42 Third (ordinal)

nelya num. ord. “third”

13.43 a Third (fraction)

neldesto fraction. “one third”
neldest(y)a adj. “one third”

13.44 Occurring Three Times

nel adv. “thrice”
nellume adv. “*three times”

13.54 Cardinal Number

atwen num. card. “twenty”
ende num. card. “six”
enekkainen num. card. “sixty”
en(ek)kea num. card. “sixteen”
enqe num. card. “six”
enqendóra num. card. “*six million”
enqendóre num. card. “*sextillion”
hualqe num. card. “eighteen”
hue num. card. “nine”
huekainen num. card. “ninety”
húkea num. card. “nineteen”
húme num. card. “thousand; †great number”
kai num. card. “ten; (lit.) all fingers”
kainen num. card. “ten”
kan adv. “four times”
kankea num. card. “fourteen”
kanta num. card. “four”
kan(ta)kainen num. card. “forty”
kantóra num. card. “*four million”
kantóre num. card. “quadrillion”
kea num. card. “ten”
kea tuksa num. card. “one hundred ten”
kekainen num. card. “hundred (when not multiplied)”
lemin num. card. “five; (lit.) half the fingers”
lemindóra num. card. “*five million”
lemindóre num. card. “*quintillion”
leminkainen num. card. “fifty; twenty three”
lempe¹ num. card. “ten”
lempessea adj. “tenfold”
lenkea num. card. “fifteen”
maite¹ (maisi-) num. card. “thousand”
mindóra num. card. “million”
mindóre num. card. “million”
minqe num. card. “eleven”
minqekainen num. card. “one hundred ten”
minya yukainen num. card. “twenty one”
-(n)dóra suf. “million”
-(n)dóre suf. “-illion, *large number suffix”
nel(de)kainen num. card. “thirty”
nelde tukse num. card. “three hundred”
neldóra num. card. “three million”
neldóre num. card. “trillion”
nelkea num. card. “thirteen”
okkea num. card. “seventeen”
olme(t) num. card. “nine”
olwen num. card. “thirty six”
otso num. card. “seven”
otsokainen num. card. “seventy”
otsondóra num. card. “*seven million”
otsondóre num. card. “*septillion”
otwen num. card. “84”
sóra³ num. card. “million; (vaguely) a very great number”
tolkea num. card. “eighteen”
tolto num. card. “eight”
tol(to)kainen num. card. “eighty”
tuksa num. card. “gross, 144; hundred”
tuksa kainen num. card. “thousand”
tuksa pínea n. “hundred”
uiven num. card. “twenty”
umna num. card. “eight”
yukainen num. card. “twenty”
yukainen tuksa num. card. “one hundred twenty”
yundóra num. card. “two million”
yundóre num. card. “billion”
yunqe num. card. “twelve”
yúyo num. card. “two”
yúyo húmi num. card. “two thousand”
yúyo tuksa num. card. “two hundred”
yúyo yukainen num. card. “twenty two”

13.55 Ordinal Number

enekkaiya num. ord. “sixteenth”
enetya num. ord. “sixth”
hualtya num. ord. “eighteenth”
hukaiya num. ord. “nineteenth”
humetya num. ord. “*thousandth”
húya num. ord. “ninth”
kaiya num. ord. “tenth”
kankaiya num. ord. “fourteenth”
kanya num. ord. “fourth”
keanya num. ord. “tenth”
leminkaiya num. ord. “fifteenth”
leminya num. ord. “fifth”
maisinya num. ord. “thousandth”
mindorinya num. ord. “millionth”
minqenya num. ord. “eleventh”
minya yukainen(ya) num. ord. “twenty first”
nelkaiya num. ord. “thirteenth”
okkaiya num. ord. “seventeenth”
otya num. ord. “seventh”
tolkaiya num. ord. “eighteenth”
tolya num. ord. “eighth”
tuksainenya num. ord. “thousandth”
tuksanya num. ord. “hundredth”
yukainenya num. ord. “twentieth”
yunqenya num. ord. “twelfth”

13.99 Quantity and Number (other)

-llume suf. “-times”
-lukse suf. “-times”

14. Time

14.11 Time (period)

lukta n. “period”
lúme (lúmi-) n. “time”
lúmia adj. “pertaining to time, temporal”
lúta- v. “to have time pass”

14.12 Age

vorne n. “an aeon”

14.13 New

loite adj. “fresh”

14.14 Young

kana adj. “young”
laisi n. “youth, vigour, new life”

14.15 Old

aire² adj. “old”
haura adj. “old, aged, ancient”

14.17 Late (adv)

telwa adj. “last, late”

14.18 Now

enqin adv. “*now”
adv. “*now”
adv. “*now”
tyá adv. “now”

14.19 Soon, Immediately

rato adv. “soon”

14.21 Fast, Swift, Quick

(a)rauka adj. “swift, rushing”
halis (haliss-) n. “rush”
hatsea adj. “rushing, rapid”
rauko adj. “ravening, rushing”

14.22 Slow

lenka adj. “slow, dull, stiff; left (hand)”

14.23 to Hurry, Hasten

hur- v. “to speed”
orosta² n. “impetus, speed, haste, rash courage”
#vasa- v. “to rush (of both noise and speed, tr.)”
vasta- v. “to rush (of both noise and speed, intr.)”

14.25 to Begin; Beginning

astuvu- v. “to begin”
avesta¹ n. “opening, beginning, overture”
tulka- v. “to fix, stick in, set up, establish”

14.252 to Last

perenwa adj. “continual, enduring, unceasing”
rúya adj. “unmoved, steadfast”
vorima adj. “everlasting”
vorinqile n. “monotony”
vorokantele n. “harping, vain or monotonous repetition”

14.254 Patience, Endurance

kóle n. “passivity, endurance, patience; a passive individual”
kólema n. “patience, endurance; hardship”
kólemaina adj. “patient”
kólemaine n. “patience”
kóleta- v. “to endure, last”
kóleva adj. “passive”
pere- v. “to go through, pass, pierce; to endure, undergo, experience; to penetrate, get to understand; to last”
peren (perend-) adj. “enduring, patient, lasting”
perendie n. “patience; endurance; an agelong period”
perpere- v. “to endure to end, suffer great anguish”

14.26 End (n, temporal)

telu n. “end (fate), close”
telúme n. “finish, conclusion, (the great) end”

14.27 to Finish

ilkarna adj. “unfinished”
karina adj. “finished”
tal- n. “to end”
telu- v. “to finish, end, close, complete; to cover, roof”

14.28 to Cease

luksima adj. “fleeting, fading, temporary”

14.29 Ready

manwa adj. “ready”
manwa- v. “to prepare”
mar- v. “to get ripe, come to ripeness, get ready, grow up, get mellow”
marin(a) adj. “ripe, mature”

14.302 Eternal

voruva adj. “age long”

14.31 Always

vor(o) adv. “ever, always”

14.35 Again

#an- pref. “re-”
ento adv. “next”

14.355 Past, Ago

ie adv. “ago, †long ago”
ielúme adv. “long ago”
luin adv. “ago”
luina adj. “ago”
penwa adj. “over, passed, past”
yú- pref. “ago”
yúye adv. “long ago”

14.36 Before (temporal)

enken adv. “then”
entan adv. “then”
nóvo adv. “*before”
tyen adv. “then”

14.37 After

prep. “after (of place), behind; after (only of time); than”
no¹ adv. “then, next (of time); upon”
potsi adv. “afterwards”

14.41 Day

kale n. “day”
lá² n. “day”
n. “24 hours, day”
sana n. “day (24 hours)”

14.412 Daily

kalenda adj. “of the day, opposite to night; daily”

14.42 Night

lóme (lómi-) n. “dusk, gloom, darkness; shadow, cloud”
mórilanta n. “nightfall”
morinda adj. “of the night, nightly”
móriva adj. “nocturnal”
morqilea adj. “of the hue of night”

14.43 Dawn

amunte n. “sun-rise, (lit.) lifting”
kandóra n. “bright dawn, red sky in morning”
óre n. “dawn, Sunrise, East”
órea adj. “of the dawn, Eastern”
oronte n. “sun-rise”

14.44 Morning

kále n. “morning”

14.462 Dusk

maska adj. “dusky, misty”
maske n. “dusk”
sunqelaine n. “sunset”

14.47 Today

et(t)amíne n. “today”
íne adv. “to-day”
tamíne n. “today”

14.48 Tomorrow

ekkala n. “tomorrow morning”
enwa n. “tomorrow”
ettui n. “tomorrow night”
nond(in)a adj. “tomorrow”
nuo n. “tomorrow”
nuononda n. “day after tomorrow”
núora adj. “tomorrow’s, to be; future”

14.49 Yesterday

die n. “yesterday”
dienda n. “day before yesterday, (lit.) yesterday’s yesterday”
diéra adj. “yesterday’s; (mostly in sense) bygone, over, passed”
yenda adj. “yesterday’s”
yendiéra n. “day before yesterday, (lit.) yesterday’s yesterday”
yenye(n) n. “yesterday”

14.61 Week

kainendan n. “fortnight”
otsola n. “week”

14.71 Month

lunde n. “(lunar) month; (lit.) period”

14.72 Names of the Months

Amillion n. “February”
Avestalis (Avestaliss-) n. “January”
Sovalwaris (Solvalwarist-) n. “February”

14.73 Year

latta n. “year”
lúmen n. “year, period”
rin¹ (rind-) n. “year, circle”
rinkalenda n. “anniversary”

14.74 Winter

hesin n. “winter”
yelin n. “winter”

14.75 Spring

tuile n. “spring, (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green”
tuilenda adj. “spring-like; fresh, sprouting, green”
Tuilére n. “Spring”
welwe n. “spring”

14.76 Summer

aurinde n. “summer, pleasant warmth”
austa n. “(high) summer”
austalende n. “mid-summer’s day”
avesta² n. “summer”
saiwali n. “summer”

14.77 Autumn

lasselanta n. “the Fall, Autumn”
lintuilindórea adj. “of autumn; when many swallows congregate and sing at dawn”
Narqelion (Narqeliond-) n. “Autumn”
paptaqelasta n. “fall, *leaf dying”

14.79 Festival, Holiday

kalende n. “festival, a special day”

15. Sense Perception

15.11 to Sense, Perceive; Sense

laika¹ adj. “keen, sharp”
senge adj. “keen of sight, observant, sagacious”
tengwele n. “sense”
tentima adj. “sensitive”
tunta- v. “to see, notice, perceive”
tunto n. “notice, regard, perception; quickness of perception, wit”

15.21 to Smell (subj)

fausta- v. “to get smell of”
nuvu- v. “to smell, sniff at”

15.23 Smell (n, subj)

nupte n. “a sniff”
nuste n. “sense of smell”

15.24 Smell (n, obj)

fausta n. “*smell”
faustima adj. “*odorous, able to be smelled”
fustúma adj. “*able to be smelled”
nus (nust-) n. “smell”

15.25 Fragrant, Good Smelling

nar (nard-) n. “an odour, fragrance”
narda- v. “to smell sweetly”
nardile n. “fragrance”
nardilea adj. “perfumed”
narwa adj. “fragrant”

15.26 Stinking, Bad Smelling

olwea adj. “stinking”
yolme n. “stench, stink”
yolo- v. “to stink”

15.31 to Taste (subj)

tyastava- v. “to taste (at)”
tyava- v. “to taste; (impersonal) to taste of, reminds one of”

15.33 Taste (n, subj)

tyavasta n. “sense of taste”

15.34 Taste (n, obj)

tyausta n. “savour, flavour”

15.35 Sweet

líse adj. “sweet”
lísele n. “sweetness”
suksa adj. “sweet”
sutya- v. “to sweeten, soothe”
sutya adj. “sweet”
wóre (wóri-) adj. “sweet (to taste only)”

15.37 Bitter

narte (narti-) adj. “bitter”
píqa adj. “bitter”
píqele n. “bitterness”

15.38 Sour, Acidic

naksa adj. “sour”

15.41 to Hear

#ten- v. “to hear”
tunq- v. “to hear”
tunqa adj. “able to hear”
tunqele n. “hearing”
unqu-² v. “to hear”

15.43 Hearing

unqie n. “hearing”

15.44 Sound

hyal- v. “to ring, resound”
hyalme n. “loud ringing noise”
salamba adj. “twanging, throbbing, resounding, echoing”
salambe n. “twanging echo”

15.51 to See

kili- v. “to see, heed”
sehta- v. “to see”
véla v. “to see”

15.52 to Look

ala¹ interj. “behold, look”
ene interj. “look (at what you have)!”
tiri- v. “to watch; to keep, guard, preserve; to look at, gaze at, observe”
tirinwa adj. “vigilant”
tiris (tiriss-) n. “watch, vigil, ward”
yéta- v. “to look at”

15.53 Sight (subj)

lasta n. “sight”
lastalaike adj. “sharpsighted”
sie n. “sight, sense of sight, eyesight; pupil of eye”
tirne n. “steadfast regard, stare”
yesta n. “glance, gaze”

15.54 Sight (obj), Look (obj), Appearance

ilke n. “appearance”

15.55 to Show

apanta- v. “to open, reveal, show, display”
apantie n. “display”

15.56 to Shine, Glisten

alkana- v. “to blaze”
alkanta- v. “to make shine”
kala- v. “to shine”
ninqa- v. “to shine white”
silda adj. “gleaming”
sili- v. “to gleam, glint”
silína adj. “shimmering”
sint (sinty-) n. “a gleam, spark, glister, drop of dew, etc.”
tilu- v. “to shine (blue)”
tilwin n. “shining light, bright light”
tilwínea adj. “shining”
tini- v. “to gleam, shine as a star”

15.562 Blinking

#pik- v. “to blink”
silte- v. “to filter (of light), flicker”
sintilis (sintiliss-) n. “sparkling as of crystal”
sinty- v. “to sparkle”
tilwe n. “glimmer”
tint n. “(silver) spark”
tintele n. “sparkling, twinkling (as of frosty stars)”
tintya- v. “to sparkle, etc.”
wimpele n. “a twinkling”
wintele n. “*twinkling”
winwinoite adj. “glittering”

15.57 Bright

alkara adj. “brilliant, bright, shining”
kalasse n. “brilliance, clarity”
kalke (kalki-) adj. “brilliant”
kanwa¹ adj. “lurid”
selka adj. “bright”

15.61 Color

qile n. “hue, colour”
-qil(e)a suf. “-hued”
qilea adj. “coloured, -hued”
-qilna suf. “-pied”
qilya- v. “to adorn, embellish, colour”

15.62 Light in Color

iskane n. “pallor”
laiwa adj. “pale”
#níva adj. “pale”

15.64 White

iska adj. “pale white”
#lossa adj. “white”
ninqe (ninqi-) adj. “white”
ninqeru n. “male personified form of white”

15.65 Black

morna adj. “black”

15.66 Red

kanwa² adj. “dark red”
karmalin(da) n. “russet, orange-red”
karne adj. “red”
karneambara adj. “*red-breasted”
kulmarinda adj. “orange-coloured”
kulurinda adj. “orange-coloured”
mirukarne (mirukarni-) adj. “wine-red”
saqila adj. “fire-red, scarlet”
senna adj. “red, brown, red-brown”
varne² adj. “?brown”
wal(i)na adj. “brown”

15.67 Blue

helinqila adj. “mauve”
hyúne adj. “deep blue”
lúne (lúni-) adj. “blue, deep blue”
lúnelinqe adj. “flowing; *blue-water”
nin (nind-) n. “blue (colour), blueness, blue green”
ninwa adj. “blue”

15.68 Green

laiqa adj. “green”
laiqasse n. “greenness”
sine n. and adj. “pale (bluish) green”

15.69 Yellow

malina adj. “yellow”
malwa adj. “pale, yellowish”

15.71 to Touch

kitya- v. “to tickle”
kityale n. “tickling”
kityalea adj. “ticklish, susceptible, sensitive”
tenya- v. “to feel, touch”

15.72 to Feel of

tatya- v. “to feel for (like tentacles etc.)”
tentl n. “a feeler”

15.73 Touch

tende (tendi-) n. “sense of touch, sense, sensation, feeling”
tókele n. “handling”

15.74 Hard

omba adj. “hard (*as stone)”
rungwa adj. “stiff, solid”

15.75 Soft

(a)malda adj. “tender, soft, kind, gentle”
hohye n. “fluff”
lint (linty-) n. “fluff, down, soft stuff”
malaqa adj. “soft, yielding, tender (of meat, substances, etc.)”
malasta adj. “tender”
moika adj. “soft, gentle”

15.76 Rough

ráqa adj. “rough”

15.77 Smooth

lalta- v. “to smooth out; stroke”
latsina adj. “level, smooth”
latwa adj. “smooth, glossy”
lea adj. “smooth, slippery”
oiwa adj. “glossy”
oiwie n. “gloss, glossiness”
saina adj. “smooth”
silwa adj. “glossy”

15.78 Sharp

fenqa adj. “keen, cutting”
kenyeva adj. “sharp (of points)”
tereva adj. “sharp, piercing, shrill; acute (pain)”
valkea adj. “cutting, sharp”

15.79 Dull, Blunt

il(l)aika adj. “blunt”

15.81 Heavy, Weighty

kumba adj. “burdened, laden”
kúme n. “pile, heap; load, burden”
lunga(na)- v. “to sag, bend (down), hang heavy, lean”
lungo adj. “heavy”
pulwa adj. “fat, bulky”
talakúme n. “huge burden, pile”
talan (taland-) n. “burden”
talanda adj. “burdened, weighed down, sad”
talante n. “scales”
talka² adj. “heavy”
talta- v. “to lade, burden, load charge; to enjoin; to oppress, weigh down”

15.82 Light, Nimble

maqale n. “legerdemain, sleight”
tektamaqa adj. “having a good ‘hand’”
teren adj. “lissom, lithe”

15.83 Wet, Damp

liqin(a) adj. “wet”
nenda adj. “wet”
nos n. “wetness, damp”
noswa adj. “damp (of weather)”
notso n. “damp”
sihta adj. “moist, wet”
úqa adj. “wet”

15.84 Dry, Arid

arqa adj. “arid, parched, dry”
loima adj. “parched, dry”
sisin adj. “parched, scorched”

15.85 Hot, Warm

aurin adj. “warm”
lúsina adj. “warm, glowing (of things); affectionate, hearty (of people)”
mure (mury-) n. “heat, close weather”
murya adj. “close, muggy”
saiwa adj. “hot”
torqa adj. “blazing hot”
torqele n. “tropic heat”
torwa adj. “baked, dark brown”
úrin adj. “(blazing) hot”
waliemba adj. “tropical”

15.855 to Heat, Be Hot

sahta-¹ v. “it is hot”
saiwa- v. “?to be hot”
tiqi- v. “to melt, thaw”
tiqile n. “melting, thawing, thaw”
tiqilindea adj. “thawing, slushy”

15.86 Cold, Frigid

helka adj. “ice-cold”
ringa adj. “cold, damp, chilly”
yel (yeld-) n. “cold, the cold”
yelwa adj. “cold”

15.87 Pure, Clean

alluva adj. “clean”
nikte- v. “to whiten, cleanse”
poika adj. “clean, tidy”
sauna adj. “clean”
soile n. “cleansing”
soina adj. “clean”
sovallu- v. “to cleanse, purify”
sovalna- v. “to cleanse, purify”
sovalwa adj. “cleansing”

15.88 Dirty, Soiled

muqa adj. “filthy”
mut (mukt-) n. “dirt, filth”

15.89 Sticky; Gum

lutl n. “gum, paste, sticky matter”
suksina adj. “resinous”
sukte (suksi-) n. “resin, gum”
sulka adj. “sticky, viscous”
sutl n. “sticky matter, slime, gum”
viksa adj. “sticky”
vikte n. “gum”
vite (vitsi-) n. “sap, juice”
vitevíse n. “*resin, gum, (lit.) sap-blood”

16. Emotion

16.11 Soul, Spirit

manimo n. “holy soul”
olme² (olmi-) n. “emanation; apparition, spirit”
vilisse n. “spirit”

16.12 Feeling, Emotion

tendile n. “feeling, sentiment”
tendilea adj. “feeling; sentimental”

16.14 Care

linda¹ adj. “gentle, kind; soft”
linta- v. “to soothe”

16.15 Wonder, Astonishment

elmenda n. “wonder, wonderment”

16.17 Fortune (Good or Bad)

ambar¹ (ambart-) n. “fate, lot”
ambarta adj. “fated”
engetor n. “fate, hap, luck”
lanq- v. “to get by lot or luck, find”
lanqa n. “piece of fortune, lot, luck, happen, hap”
mart n. “a piece of luck”
marto n. “fortune, fate, lot, luck”

16.18 Good Fortune

#val (vald-) n. “good fortune, blessedness, happiness”
valto n. “the luck of the Valar”

16.24 Happy; Happiness

valin (valim-) adj. “happy”

16.25 to Laugh

kaka- v. “to laugh”
kankale n. “laughter”
katl n. “chuckle”
#mírien n. “mirth”
mirmile n. “ripple of laughter”

16.255 Smile

mire n. “smile”
mírea adj. “smiling”
miri- v. “to smile”
mirilla n. “faint smile”
mirt (mirty-) n. “grin”
mirtya- v. “to grin”

16.26 to Play

toli n. “doll, puppet”
tolipin (tolipind-) n. “mannikin”
tolipinke n. “little doll”
tyalie n. “play, game”
tyalien (tyaliend-) n. “sport, play; jest, mockery”
tyalu- v. “to play”

16.27 to Love; Love

mel- v. “to love”
meles(se) (meless-) n. “love”
melie n. “*love, loving”

16.28 Dear

melin (melind-) adj. “dear, beloved”
melitsa adj. “beloved, favourite”
melitse n. “darling, sweetheart”
santa adj. “dear, beloved”

16.29 to Kiss

miq- v. “to kiss”
miqe n. “kiss”
miqele n. “kissing”
miqilitse n. “little or tender kiss”

16.31 Pain, Suffering

itisin adj. “itching”
itisya- v. “to itch, irritate”
kuo n. “a pain”
maldor n. “agony”
malka adj. “giving pain, hurtful”
naike¹ (naiki-) n. “pain”
naikele n. “anguish”
naikelea adj. “agonizing”
naiqa adj. “painful”
naira adj. “dire, grievous”
narwe² n. “pain”
ongo- v. “it pains me (imp.)”
ongwe n. “pain”

16.315 Torture, Torment

angaisin(i)e n. “torment”
angaitya- v. “to torment”
malkane n. “torture”
naista- v. “to oppress, cause great grief to”
valkane¹ n. “torture”

16.32 Grief, Sorrow

angayanda adj. “miserable”
angayasse n. “misery”
naya- v. “it grieves (impers.)”
nyéna- v. “to lament”
nyenyele n. “lament, lamentation, weeping”
nyére n. “grief”
otoke n. “wailing, beating of breasts”
piqis(se) n. “grief”

16.33 Anxiety

nur (nurr-) n. “growl, complaint”
qárele n. “watchfulness, anxiety”

16.34 to Regret, Repent

oista- v. “to bereave”
oito- v. “to lack”

16.37 to Cry, Weep

maule n. “crying, weeping”
mauya- v. “to cry”
nyenye n. “weeping”
#qaina adj. “wailing”
siqi- v. “to sigh”
siqile n. “sighing, lament”

16.38 Tear

nie n. “tear”
nienaite adj. “tearful”

16.39 to Groan

#karka- v. “to snarl”
nurru n. “growl”
núru- v. “to growl (of dogs), grumble, carp”

16.41 Hate

atempa n. “(strong) dislike”
hari- v. “to hate”
mok- v. “to hate”
nasa- v. “to mislike, taste nasty (impers.); to dislike”
náse n. “loathing”
násea adj. “loathsome”
sanka² n. “hate, fierce hatred”
sanke adj. “hateful”
tempe n. “hate”
teve- v. “to hate, dislike”
tévie n. “hatred, dislike”
tevin adj. “hated”

16.42 Anger

narka¹ adj. “snappy, ill-tempered”
ravin adj. “fierce, savage (of beasts)”

16.43 Rage, Fury

kalimbarie adj. “barbarity”
kalimbo n. “a savage, uncivilized man, barbarian; monster, giant, troll, goblin”

16.44 Envy, Jealousy

navillo n. “whisper, hint, suspicion, rumour, malicious comment, innuendo”

16.45 Shame

naitya- v. “to damage, hurt; to put to shame, abuse”
nanqete n. “speaking down the nose”
nark n. “spiteful remark, snap of a dog”
pea n. “scorn”
retima adj. “despicable, contemptible”

16.46 Honor

aista n. “honour, reverence”
karda- v. “to admire, have affection or respect for”

16.47 Fame, Glory

alkar¹ n. “glory”

16.48 Proud

turqima adj. “haughty”

16.51 to Dare

nolo- v. “to dare”

16.52 Brave, Courageous

nereaine n. “stoutness of heart”
nolme n. “audacity”
nolmenoite adj. “audacious”
noloite adj. “daring”
nolwa adj. “bold, brave”
vika adj. “valiant”

16.53 Fear, Fright

kapta-¹ v. “to startle”
oswe² n. “terror, horror; (evil) phantom, ghost”
varka n. “fear, dread”
#varka- v. “to bode (impersonal); to dread, fear”
varkima adj. “dreadful”
varqa adj. “in fear, afraid”

16.55 Timid, Cowardly

kaure n. “timidity, fear”
kaurea adj. “timid”
nyenya adj. “querulous, tearful, plaintive”

16.61 to Will, Wish

irya n. “wish”
naike² adv. “would [that]”

16.62 to Desire

maivoita- v. “to long exceedingly after”

16.622 Desire

maivoine n. “great longing”
voine n. “desire, wish”

16.65 Faithful

rú² n. “steadfastness, faith, trustiness”
tulunka adj. “steady, firm”
voronda adj. “faithful”

16.66 True

kaina¹ adj. “done, actual, real”
interj. “so, yes (it is)”
nea adv. “it is, yes”

16.67 Lie, Falsehood

furu n. “lie”

16.68 Deceit

fint n. “a trick, notion”

16.71 Good

ais (aist-) n. “good name”
ausi- pref. “well”
mal adv. “better, best”
malda¹ adj. “better, best”
mande adv. “well”
mára¹ adj. “mighty, power[ful], doughty; good, excellent, useful (of things)”
vande² adv. “well”

16.72 Bad

faika² adj. “bad, worthless, useless”
fel adv. “worse, worst”
felda adj. “worse, worst”
naswa adj. “nasty”
qarda adj. “bad”
qarka adj. “perverse, naughty”

16.73 Right

mane (mani-) adj. “good (moral)”
manya² adj. “good (not evil)”

16.74 Wrong

perqa adj. “wrong”
ulka adj. “evil; bad, wicked, wrong”
vilkin adj. “bitter, evil”

16.75 Sin, Impiety

kurdu n. “sin, wickedness, evil”
ulkarma n. “misdeed”

16.76 Fault, Guilt

káma n. “guilt, responsibility”

16.79 Praise

kawa- v. “to bow, make obeisance”
olta-¹ v. “to magnify, extol, praise”

16.81 Beautiful

kalwa adj. “fair, beautiful”
mailina adj. “beautiful”
melwa adj. “lovely, fair”
tekse n. “attraction”
telya adj. “attractive; importunate”
telyanta- v. “to allure”
telyantalya adj. “alluring”
telyantasse n. “allurement”
teta- v. “to attract (physical and figurative)”
vane (vani-) adj. “fair, lovely”
vanéni n. “beauty”
vanesse n. “beauty”
vanest(e)a adj. “beauteous”
vanima adj. “proper, right, as it should be, fair”
vanta adj. “?beautiful”

16.99 Emotion (other)

maika adj. “cruel”
paimene n. “vindictiveness, vengefulness, cruelty”
ulird(e)a adj. “pitiless, cruel, (lit.) without bowels”
valka¹ adj. “cruel, bitter”

17. Mind and Thought

17.11 Mind

â n. “mind, inner thought”
áma n. “mind, heart, thought”

17.12 Reason, Intelligence

finie n. “cunning”
finwa adj. “acute, sagacious”
isqale n. “cleverness”
isqalea adj. “clever”
karpalima adj. “tricky, clever, willy”
tunke (tunki-) adj. “bright, witty, smart”

17.13 to Think, Reflect

enye- v. “to think out, plan, devise”

17.151 Guess, Suppose

intya ? “[unglossed]”
ki particle. “may; particle of uncertainty”
mai² adv. “if; do?”
nai particle. “remoter possibility, might”
naus (naust-) n. “suspicion”
nauta- v. “to guess”

17.17 to Know

ista- v. “to know”
tenge- v. “to know, understand, grasp, think”

17.171 Knowledge, Science

isse n. “knowledge, lore”
nóleme n. “deep lore, wisdom”

17.172 Omniscient

omanaste n. “omnipresence”
omo- pref. “omni-”
omohére n. and adj. “omnipotence; almighty”
omotengwe n. “omniscience”

17.18 to Seem

ilk- v. “to seem”
inye- v. “to imitate, make like”
sestaine n. “assimilation, imitation, etc.”
soveasse n. “resemblance; likelihood”
vealta- v. “to resemble”
víkele n. “resemblance, comparison”

17.19 Idea, Notion

akta n. “notion”
ent n. “notion, plan, idea”
tengwe n. “knowledge, understanding; idea, notion, thought”
tengwet(ta) n. “idea, notion”

17.21 Wise

isqa adj. “wise”
istaléra adj. “*knowledgeable, wise”
náve n. “shrewdness, sagacity, perspicacity”
saile n. “[unglossed]”
tengenwa adj. “wise, knowing, understanding; sensible”

17.22 Stupid, Foolish

auk n. “fool, clumsy fellow”
laminya adj. “animal-like, beastly, stupid”

17.31 to Remember

minti n. “memory, remembrance, mindfulness”
minty- v. “to remind; (impers.) it reminds me = I remember”
mintya adj. “reminding, ‘memoryful’”

17.32 to Forget

fanórea adj. “absent-minded”
fanóriva adj. “absent-minded”

17.33 Meaning

panin adj. “definite, planned, concerted, deliberate, prepense, meant”

17.34 Clear, Plain (to the Mind)

liqilta adj. “pellucid”
liqis (liqist-) n. “clarity, transparence, limpidity”
liqistea adj. “transparent”
nauma n. “hint, clue”

17.35 Obscure

morwa adj. “unclear, secret”
valkane² adj. “vague”

17.36 Secret

fóle n. “stealth, a secret, secrecy”
fólima adj. “secretive”
lomba adj. “secret”
pilukka adj. “secret, stealthy”

17.37 Sure, Certain

tanka¹ adj. “firm, fixed, fast; steady, (stead)fast”
tanko adv. “firmly”

17.39 to Solve

sinte (sinti-) n. “esteem; estimate, computation”
tasta- v. “to reckon”

17.41 Purpose, Intention

mekte- v. “to aim at”
met (mekt-) n. “mark, aim, object”
#núsima adj. “*inclined”

17.42 Cause, Reason

ka- pref. “cause”
kasta n. “cause, motive, ultimate reason”
qelume n. “source, origin”
qeluva adj. “original”

18. Language and Music

18.11 Voice

óma n. “voice”

18.12 to Sing

#linda² adj. “singing”
lindea adj. “singing, *musical”
#lindo n. “singer”
lindórea adj. “singing at dawn (esp. of birds)”
liri- v. “to sing”
lirilla n. “lay, song”
nala- v. “to sing or ring”

18.13 to Shout, Cry Out

holle n. “shout”
holtȯ- v. “to call out”
húta- v. “to whoop”
ohta- v. “to shout”
rama- v. “to shout, sound loud, bray, blare”
rambe¹ n. “shout, blare”
yama- v. “to shout, call”
yáma n. “shout; call; name”
yambo n. “cheer, shout of triumph”

18.14 Various Cries

ai interj. “o!, ha!”
alayambo interj. “hurrah!”
áye interj. “hail”
ea interj. “a cry of pain or woe”
iki interj. “look! (what I have)”
mesta n. “bye”

18.21 to Speak, Talk

hulále n. “babble, chatter, conversation”
lala- v. “to chatter, babble”
lalar (lalard-) n. “babbler”
nyata- v. “to talk idly”
nyatl n. “idle talk, gossip”
paiyan n. “oration”
qet- v. “to speak, talk”

18.22 to Say

nyara- v. “to relate, tell”
qentea adj. “verbal”
qets(im)a adj. “having speech, able to talk, good at expression, glib”

18.23 to be Silent

tá² interj. “hush, be silent”

18.24 Language

-issa suf. “language”
lambe n. “tongue of body but also occasionally of land or even = speech”
qetl n. “speech, talk”
-qet(se) suf. “language”
-rin suf. “noun suffix”

18.25 Dialect

eldaqet n. “language of the Eldar”
eldaqetse adv. “in the language of the Eldar”
Eldarissa n. “Language of the Eldar”
eldarisse adv. “in the language of the Eldar”
Noldorissa n. “Language of the Noldoli”

18.26 Word

qent n. “word”
qentele n. “sentence; wording, expression, phrase”
qetta n. “word”

18.28 Name

en(we) (emb-) n. “name”

18.31 to Question, Inquire

ma² adv. “*interrogative particle”
man pron. “who”

18.35 to Ask, Request

iqista n. “a request; if you please, please”
iqisya- v. “to ask for, request”

18.42 to Call, Name

en- v. “to be called”
enna adj. “by name, named, called”

18.51 to Write

sar- v. “to write”
teke- v. “to mark; to write on, write”
tekta- v. “to write”

18.53 Letter of the Alphabet

teket (tekett-) n. “letter”
tet (tekt-) n. “spot, mark”

18.55 Tablet

tulma n. “bier, tray”

18.56 Paper

hyalin n. “paper”

18.57 Pen

nekka n. “pen”
tenka n. “pen”

18.58 Ink

móro n. “ink”
saramór n. “*writing-ink”

18.61 Book

parma n. “skin, bark; parchment; book, writings”
tekka n. “book”
tekte (teksi-) n. “book”

18.62 Page

patl n. “leaf (esp. of book)”

18.65 Literature

tektele n. “art of writing, script; writings, documents, papers, scriptures”

18.66 Author, Writer

tektar n. “writer”

18.67 Poet

lirit(ta) n. “poem, lay, written poem”

18.68 Tale, Story

eldanyanda n. “*fairy tale”
nyanda n. “nursery story or rhyme”
nyar (nyard-) n. “tale, saying”
nyara n. “tale”
nyarie n. “fable, story, legend”
qentima n. “*tale”

18.69 Music

lin¹ (lind-) n. “melody, air, tune, musical voice”
lindele n. “music, song”
lindelea adj. “melodious”
lindelin n. “melody, tune”

18.71 Pipe, Flute

polisimpe n. “shepherd’s pipe, Pan-pipes”
simpeta- v. “*to pipe”
simpetar n. “piper”
simp(in)a n. “pipe, flute, flageolet”
simpise n. “piping, whistling”
sipi- v. “to pipe”
timpinen (timpinend-) n. “fluter”

18.72 Harp, Lute

kantala- v. “?to harp”
kantele n. “harping; repetition”
kantl n. “(large) harp”
linga- v. “to hum like the string of a harp”
qingi- v. “to twang, thrum (of strings, harps, etc.)”
qintl n. “lyre”
salaqíne n. “violin, (lit.) thrumsqueak-er”
salma n. “lyre, small harp”
salme n. “harp-playing, music of lyres”
salqin n. “viola”
salumbe n. “harping, music”

18.73 Bell, Ringing

kalon (kalong-) n. “(large) bell”
kalongalan (kalongaland-) n. “ringing or jangling of (large) bells”
kalonya- v. “to ring, peal”
kilin n. “bell”
kilinke v. “small bell”
kilinkele n. “jingling of (small) bells”
kilintya- v. “to ring, tinkle”
nalie n. “playing of tunes, ringing of bells”
yalle n. “a hollow ring”

18.74 Drum

lapumba n. “drum”
tombo n. “gong”
tompa n. “small drum”
tompo- v. “to bang”
tontilla n. “cymbal”
tontl n. “cymbal, tambourine”

19. Social Relations

19.13 Country (vs. Town)

arean (areand-) n. “wilderness, deserted place”
rimu n. “outskirts”

19.14 Region, Territory

lar n. “region, place”

19.15 Town, City

irin n. “town”
ostar n. “township”
pelle n. “town”
tirios (tiriost-) n. “town or city with walls and towers, burg”
-uran(do) suf. “town”

19.16 Village

hos(t) (host-) n. “dwelling, hamlet”
masto n. “village”
rú¹ n. “dwelling, village, hamlet”
ruella n. “village”
wasto n. “village”

19.17 Boundary

peler n. “fence”
pelin adj. “fenced in, pent”
pelma n. “pen”
rípe n. “line, margin, bank of stream, edging of grass, border”
tanda¹ n. “hedge, fence, enclosure; border, rim”
tar (tár-) n. “hedge, fence”

19.21 People, Populace

hos(se) (host-) n. “folk, people, tribe”
laulemuine n. “people of the neighborhood, population”
lie n. “people, folk”
liende n. “the folk, people”

19.22 a People, Nation

nóre (nóri-) n. “(native) land, nation, family, country”
túrin n. “king(dom)”

19.23 Tribe, Clan, Family

ettele n. “family, kindred (in the wide sense)”
hostar¹ n. “tribe”
nosse n. “folk, kin, people”
renda adj. “related, of the same kin or clan”
rendi n. “*kinship, kin, kindred, clan”
resta n. “support; kinship, kin, kindred, clan”
sura n. “a clan”
vihta n. “*folk”

19.31 to Rule, Govern

heru- v. “to rule”
maksilistea adj. “powerful, having possession of or authority over”
maksima adj. “powerful, having possession of or authority over”
malkasta n. “lordship, province”
turinya- v. “to rule over, reign over”
vard- v. “to rule, govern”
warda- v. “to rule”

19.32 King

tur (tûr-) n. “king”
túranu n. “king”
turinda adj. “royal, of the ruling dynasty; in power”
turinwa adj. “kingly, royal”
vardar n. “king”

19.33 Queen

tári n. “queen, mistress, lady”
túrani n. “queen”
turinqi n. “queen”
turinqia adj. “royal, Queenly”
turqin (turqim-) n. “queen”
varni n. “queen”

19.35 Prince

turillo n. “prince”
turwen n. “princess”
vardo n. “prince”

19.352 Other Titles of Nobility

hére n. “lordship”
heritse n. “an Inwe”

19.36 Noble, Nobleman

malkuvoite adj. “lordly, noble”

19.41 Master

heru n. “lord”
maksilis (maksilist-) n. “lordship”
malko (malku-) n. “lord, sir”

19.412 Lady

heri n. “lady”
heruni n. “lady”

19.42 Slave

norka n. “slave, thrall, servant”

19.43 Servant

vartyane n. “service”
virt (virty-) n. “servant, slave”
virti- v. “to serve”

19.44 Free

anarie n. “liberality”
faika¹ adj. “free”
faino n. “freeman”
faire (fairi-) adj. “free”
fairie n. “freedom”
faldi adj. “free, open, wide”

19.45 to Order, Command

peanta- v. “to give into one’s hands, give instructions to, enjoin”

19.46 to Obey

kim- v. “to heed”

19.54 Neighbor

rim- v. “to border on, lie at edge, neighbour”
rímenoite adj. “neighboring, bordering”

19.55 Stranger

varimo n. “foreigner”
varitsi n. “foreigner (fem.)”
varivoite adj. “foreign”
varne¹ n. “strangeness, estrangement”
varyani n. “foreigner (fem.)”
varyanu n. “foreigner”

19.58 to Help, Aid

penanwa adj. “present, standing by, supporting, backing”
penasta n. “being near at hand, support, backing”
sulta- v. “to support”
tiusima adj. “comforting, consoling, easing”
tiuta- v. “to strengthen; to corroborate, confirm; to comfort, console”
tiutale n. “strengthening, reinforcement; confirmation; comfort, consolation, easement”
tulpie n. “supporting, toleration”
tulpu- v. “to uphold, support; to aid; to endure, tolerate; to bear (with); to prop”

19.61 Custom, Usage

sito (situ-) n. “custom, habit”
sitsina adj. “habitual, customary, accustomed, usual, ordinary, common”
sitta- v. “I am used to, I do habitually”
situ- v. “to be accustomed [to]”

19.62 Strife, Quarrel

kos (kost-) n. “quarrel, dispute, the matter disputed, legal action”
kosima adj. “debatable”
kosta- v. “to debate, dispute”
nara n. “strife”
nara- v. “to snap, quarrel”

20. Warfare and Hunting

20.13 War

kor (kos-) n. “war”
ohta n. “war”
ohta·karo n. “warlike deed, hostile unfriendly act(ion)”

20.14 Peace

kalaine n. “serenity, serene”
kalain(e)a adj. “serene”
ruin n. “peace”

20.15 Army

hosse¹ n. “army, band, troop”

20.17 Soldier

kondor n. “warrior”
kondorie n. “martial ardour”
kosar (kosard-) n. “soldier”
mahtar n. “soldier”
mordo n. “warrior, hero”
ohtar (ohtard-) n. “warrior”

20.23 Sling

toloime n. “sling”

20.24 Bow

kúne n. “crescent, bow, arch”
qinga n. “bow”

20.25 Arrow

pilin (pilind-) n. “feather; arrow”
pilna n. “arrow”
qasil n. “arrow, arrow-feather”
vainole n. “quiver”

20.26 Spear

elk n. “spear”
eska n. “spear, spike”

20.27 Sword

ehta² n. “sword-point”
ehtar (ehtard-) n. “swordsman, warrior; sword”
eksiqilta n. “swordbelt”
ektar¹ (ektard-) n. “swordsman”
ekte (eksi-) n. “sword”
falqan n. “large sword”
^macilquilta n. “swordbelt”
makil n. “sword, broadsword”
makillar (makillard-) n. “swordsman”
naiqe n. “?sword”

20.32 Corslet, Breastplate

ambasse n. “breast-plate, hauberk, byrne, cuirass”

20.33 Helmet

kalla n. “helmet”
kasien (kasiend-) n. “helmet”
kasientule adj. “with helm on”
kasqar(in) n. “helmet”
tolma n. “helm”

20.34 Shield

alkar² n. “shield”
tolmen n. “boss (of shield), isolated round hill”

20.35 Fortress

malkor n. “castle”

20.36 Tower

hosta¹ n. “walled tower”
mindon n. “turret, tower”
tirin (tirind-) n. “tall tower, turret, minaret”
tirion (tiriond-) n. “(great or mighty) tower; city on a hill”

20.41 Victory

apaika adj. “conquering”
apaire n. “victory, conquest, reduction”
apaitya- v. “to conquer”
vaqa- v. “vanquish”
vaqasta n. “a victory”
vaqi(e) n. “victory”

20.48 Spoils, Booty

rambe² n. “prey, booty”
rauna n. “prey, booty”

21. Law and Judgment

21.36 Innocent

naustavilte v. “free from suspicion, *innocent”

21.37 Penalty, Punishment

paime n. “vengeance taken, punishment, penalty, infliction”
paimesta n. “chastisement”
paimeta- v. “to exact or inflict a penalty, punish”

21.44 Rape, Violation

amapta- v. “to ravish, seize and carry off forcibly”
mapta n. “ravishment, seizure, (usually =) rape”
maptale n. “seizure; robbery by violence; rape, ravishment, forcible seizure and carrying off”
maptalesse n. “rapine”

21.45 Theft

maptale-lehesta n. “(robbing) raid”
nak (naq-) n. “anything stolen, a theft, a trick”
pilwe n. “robbery, theft”

22. Religion and Beliefs

22.12 God

Aini n. “(pagan) goddess”
Ainu n. “a (pagan) God”
Enu n. “God Almighty, Almighty Creator”
Vala n. “God”
Valis n. “female god”
valma adj. “powerful”
Valon n. “male god”

22.13 Temple

ainar (ainast-) n. “temple [body part]”
alkar(in) n. “temple, shrine”
korda n. “temple”

22.16 to Worship

aistale n. “worship”
aistalea adj. “worshipful”

22.182 Parson, Minister, Clergyman etc.

evandl n. “Christian missionary”

22.183 Monk

aimo n. “saint (m.)”
anusta n. “monastery”
anustar n. “monk”

22.184 Nun

aire¹ n. “saint (f.)”
qindelis n. “nun”
qindesta n. “convent”
qindestin n. “nun”

22.19 Holy, Sacred

aina adj. “holy, revered, worshipful”
aira adj. “holy, worshipful”
vanya adj. “good (not evil), holy”

22.22 to Preach

evandilyon n. “gospel”
velupantie n. “revelation”

22.23 to Bless

lis (list-) n. “grace, blessing”
listea adj. “full of grace, blessed”
listevoite adj. “full of grace, blessed”
listya- v. “to bless”
salistina adj. “blessed”
salistya- v. “to bless”

22.31 Heaven

iluin(do) (iluind-) n. “dwelling beyond the stars for the blessed”
ilumar (ilumas-) n. “dwelling beyond the stars for the blessed”
valmandui n. “heaven and hell”

22.32 Hell

mandu n. “hell; abyss”

22.33 Angel

kalmar (kalmarn-) n. “child of light”

22.35 Demon, Evil Spirit

(a)rauke n. “demon, fiend”

22.37 Idol

kordon n. “idol”

22.42 Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery

felu n. “bad magic”
kuru n. “magic, wizardry”
luhtu n. “magic, spell”
sairina adj. “magic”
sairu adj. “magical”

22.43 Witch, Sorceress

felusi n. “witch”
kuruni n. “witch”

22.431 Sorcerer, Wizard

kuruvar (kuruvard-) n. “wizard”

22.44 Elf, Fairy

Elda n. “Elf; beach-fay”
Eldalie n. “People of the Elves, Elf-folk”
Eldarin adj. “Elfin”
inwilitse n. “little fairy”
Noldorinwa adj. “Goblin; Gnomish”
noldova adj. “belonging to gnomes”
noldovike adj. “like a gnome, after the gnomes’ way”
Qen (Qend-) n. “Elf”
Qenya n. “Elvish”
Qenyarin n. “*Elvish”
telella adj. “elfin”
telerea adj. “elfin”
teleste (telesti-) n. “(f.) little elf”
telesto (telestu-) n. “(m.) little elf”

22.441 Dryad, Nymph

falmarin n. “sea-fay (male), spirit of the sea foam”
nandin n. “dryad”
nermi n. “field spirit, fay of the meads”
oar (oarn-) n. “child of the sea, merchild”
oaris (oarits-) n. “mermaid, merchild”
oarwen n. “mermaid, merchild”
#oroman n. “wood-spirit”
ówen n. “merchild, mermaid”
tavar (tavarn-) n. “dale-sprite, fay of the woods; forest”
wingil (wingild-) n. “(sea) nymph; (lit.) foam-maiden”

22.442 Dwarf

nauka n. “dwarf”

22.445 Goblin, Monster

fandelu n. “monster”
fandelúva adj. “monstrous”
fandelúvie n. “monstrosity, immoderation, violence, barbarity, grossness”
fandor (fandos-) n. “monster”
nauva n. “giant”
ulban (ulband-) n. “monster, giant”
ulbanima adj. “monstrous”
úvanimo n. “monster”

22.446 Orc, Goblin

ork n. “ogre, monster, demon, giant”
orqin(di) n. “ogress”

22.447 Dragon

fent n. “serpent, dragon”
fenume n. “dragon”
foalóke n. “*serpent that guarded a treasure”
kondasse n. “dragon’s lair”
kondo n. “dragon”

22.45 Ghost, Specter, Phantom

#qímar n. “phantom”

22.46 Guardian Spirit

máne n. “spirit of the air”

22.47 Omen

fando n. “portent, omen”

22.99 Religion and Belief (other)

aimaksin (aimaksi-) n. “martyr (f.)”
aimaktu n. “martyr (m.)”
(ana)tarwesta n. “crucifix(ion)”

23. Grammar

23.1 Article

article. “the”
-(u)ma suf. “a, an; some, certain”
-we suf. “a, an”

23.2 Negation

al- pref. “form of the negative particle”
il- pref. “un-; negative prefix”
múna prep. “?without”
ú- pref. “un-”
ul- pref. “negative prefix; mis-”
um- v. “to be not, do not”
úya- v. “is not”
-vilte (-vilti-) suf. “-less”

23.3 Preposition

enqe¹ prep. “without”
me² prep. “?with, in(to), on”
na prep. “for”
se prep. “as, like, in manner of”
ve prep. “as, like”

23.4 Pronoun

a pron. “it”
atta² pron. “they (emphatic); 3rd sg. neut. pronoun”
en pron. and adv. “that by you; thereupon”
ena pron. “that by you”
enke pron. “that by you (emphatic)”
enqi pron. “this (emphatic)”
enta pron. “that there (emphatic)”
ha pron. “it; 3rd sg. neut. pronoun”
ha- pref. “*its; 3rd sg. neut. possessive”
(h)áva adj. “*its; 3rd sg. neut. possessive emphatic”
hea pron. “it (emphatic); 3rd sg. neut. pronoun”
hi pron. “she; 3rd sg. fem. pronoun”
hie pron. “she (emphatic); 3rd sg. fem. pronoun”
(h)íva adj. “*her; 3rd sg. fem. possessive emphatic”
hu pron. “he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun”
(h)úva adj. “*his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive emphatic”
húyo pron. “he (emphatic); 3rd sg. masc. pronoun”
hwa- pref. “his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive”
hya-¹ pref. “*her; 3rd sg. fem. possessive”
pron. “*those, whom”
ike (iki-) adj. “this”
iksa adj. “reflexive 3rd sg. adj.”
ikso pron. “reflexive 3rd sg.”
ilka adj. “reflexive 3rd sg. pl. adj.”
ilko pron. “reflexive 3rd sg. pl.”
ke¹ pron. “you; 2nd sg. pronoun”
kéto pron. “you (emphatic); 2nd sg. pronoun”
ketya adj. “*your; 2nd sg. possessive emphatic”
ku pron. “dual 1(b)”
le¹ pron. “you (plural)”
lea- pref. “*your; 2nd pl. possessive”
lelko pron. “you (emphatic); 2nd pl. pronoun”
lelya adj. “*your; 2nd pl. possessive emphatic”
lu pron. “dual 2”
me¹ pron. “we; 1st pl. exclusive pronoun”
mea- pref. “*our; 1st pl. exclusive possessive”
melmo pron. “we (emphatic); 1st pl. exclusive pronoun”
menya adj. “*our; 1st pl. exclusive possessive emphatic”
mu pron. “dual 1(a)”
ni¹ pron. “I; 1st sg. pronoun”
nímo pron. “I (emphatic); 1st sg. pronoun”
ninya¹ adj. “*my; 1st sg. possessive emphatic”
nya- pref. “*my; 1st sg. possessive”
qe¹ pron. “we (inclusive)”
qe² pron. “any”
qea- pref. “*our; 1st pl. inclusive possessive”
qelmo pron. “we (emphatic); 1st pl. inclusive pronoun”
qenya adj. “*our; 1st pl. exclusive possessive emphatic”
qi adj. “this”
qinda adj. “this”
qinqe n. “this”
sa pron. “that (there)”
sanda adj. “that”
santo pron. “that”
si¹ pron. “they; 3rd pl. fem. pronoun”
sia- pref. “*their; 3rd pl. fem. possessive”
síse pron. “they (emphatic); 3rd sg. fem. pronoun”
síva adj. “*their; 3rd pl. fem. possessive emphatic”
ta- pref. “*their; 3rd pl. neut. possessive”
ta¹ pron. “they; 3rd pl. neut. pronoun”
táma adj. “this”
tanya adj. “that”
táva adj. “*their; 3rd pl. neut. possessive emphatic”
tu¹ pron. “they; 3rd pl. masc. pronoun”
tu² pron. “he”
tua- pref. “*their; 3rd pl. masc. possessive”
túto pron. “they (emphatic); 3rd sg. masc. pronoun”
túva adj. “*their; 3rd pl. masc. possessive emphatic”
tya- pref. “*your; 2nd sg. possessive”
tye¹ pron. “that by you”
tye² pron. “you”
tyenda adj. “that (of yours)”
tyent(y)e n. “that (of yours)”
ya pron. “relative pronoun”

23.5 Noun Inflection

-i suf. “plural suffix”
-ie suf. “abstract noun”
-ika suf. “partitive”
-inen suf. “of, out of; partitive suffix”
-l¹ suf. “dative suffix”
#-le suf. “abstract noun”
-li suf. “many, multiplicative suffix”
#-lis suf. “noun suffix”
#-me suf. “abstract noun”
-n¹ suf. “genitive suffix”
-ndon suf. “-ly, -ily; manner suffix”
-nta suf. “to, at, towards; allative suffix”
-o suf. “genitive ending”
-r¹ suf. “plural suffix”
#-re suf. “noun suffix”
-sse¹ suf. “at, in, by; inessive suffix”
#-sse² suf. “abstract noun”
-t suf. “dual”
-va suf. “adjectival”

23.6 Verb Inflection

-ko suf. “reflexive suffix”
-kto suf. “reflexive”
-l² suf. “plural [verb]”
-ma² suf. “passive participle”
-n² (-nd-) suf. “active participle”
-r³ suf. “impersonal [verb]”
-sta suf. “verbal noun, infinitive, gerund”

23.7 Comparative, Intensive

a-² pref. “*intensive prefix”
aka adv. “very, intensive”
aka- pref. “intensive”
aki adj. “extreme, vehement, excessive”
akka adv. “too”
are² adv. “very, intensive”
ari- pref. “intensive”
-íne(a) suf. “diminutive”
-itse (-itsi) suf. “diminutive”
-lda suf. “augmentative”
#-lla suf. “diminutive”
maira adj. “excessive, strong”
mike- pref. “diminutive”
olde adv. “very, much, intensive”
oli- pref. “intensive”
-pin(ke) suf. “diminutive”
sa- pref. “intensive”
-tsa suf. “diminutive”
-tya¹ suf. “comparative”
-úme suf. “augmentative”
-(w)inte suf. “diminutive”
-(y)ando adj. “augmentative”

23.8 Conjunction

la prep. “before; than”
ne conj. “that”
ómu adv. “*although”
san¹ conj. and adv. “then, at that time”
var conj. “or”
váro adv. “*rather”
varúse adv. “*in other manner [than]”
yan conj. “when”

23.9 Affix

#-a suf. “adjectival suffix”
ana- pref. “?towards”
e-¹ pref. “that by you”
-ilqa suf. “-ly or -like”
#-ina suf. “adjectival suffix”
#-ine suf. “noun suffix”
-inya¹ suf. “worthy to be -”
#-ite suf. “adjective ending”
-lta suf. “?causative”
-mas (-mast-) suf. “-ton, -by”
#-noina suf. “adjective suffix”
#-noite suf. “adjective suffix”
#-nto suf. “fraction suffix”
#-ra suf. “adjectival suffix”
#-se suf. “adjective suffix”
-tule (tuli-) suf. “bearing, etc.”
-tya² suf. “causative”
-u suf. “adverb suffix”
#-voite suf. “adjective suffix”
#-ya suf. “adjective suffix”