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S. car- v. “to do, make” (Category: to Do, Make)

S. car-, v. “to do, make” (Category: to Do, Make)

Car- is the Sindarin verb for “do, make”, derived from the root √KAR of the same meaning. Tolkien often used it for examples of verb inflections in his writings.

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this verb was G. {car- >>} cartha- “make, finish” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with past tense côri (GL/25), reappearing as cartha- “to finish” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document with past tense cair- or cawr- (PE13/111). A set of rough verb forms caron, {cur}, côr, {carn}, crantha, cor and cranthi appear in the margin of a page of the Early Noldorin Grammar, which the editors suggested might be related to the (unglossed and rejected) sentence ᴱN. on gós i·bhelon ar cranthi gwaist ’worin o nomad othra, perhaps meaning “*he made everyone aware of your sinking” (PE13/128 and note #76).

In the Early Noldorin Dictionary, also from the 1920s, Tolkien had ᴱN. cara- “to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)” with a new past form agor (PE13/161). Hints of the verb N. car- can be found in The Etymologies of the 1930s in words like N. ceredir “doer, maker” and N. osgar “cut round, amputate” (Ety/DER, OS). The verb appeared regularly in conjugation charts and sentences Tolkien’s later writings of the 1950s and 60s (VT50/22; PE17/132).

References ✧ PE17/68, 132, 144-145, 148, 170; PE22/168; VT44/21-22, 25, 30; VT50/14, 18, 21-22; WJ/371, 415

Variations

Related

Changes

Inflections

cared gerund   ✧ PE17/68: general infinitive
cared gerund   ✧ PE17/132; PE22/168
caro imperative “*be done” ✧ VT44/25
úgar negated soft-mutation present 3rd-sg; c-mutation “he does not do/make” ✧ PE17/145: or ú-gár
ugar negative-quasi-participle “(generally) idle” ✧ PE17/144
agor past “made, did” ✧ WJ/415
agorech past 1st-pl-inclusive “*we have done” ✧ VT50/21
agoren past plural   ✧ VT50/18
agorer past plural “*made” ✧ VT50/14; VT50/18
cerim present 1st-dual-exclusive “D 1a” ✧ VT50/22
cerim present 1st-dual-exclusive   ✧ VT50/22
cerim/cerim(m)id present 1st-dual-exclusive   ✧ PE17/132
cerich present 1st-dual-inclusive “D [1b]” ✧ VT50/22
cerich present 1st-dual-inclusive   ✧ VT50/22
cerinc/ceringid present 1st-dual-inclusive   ✧ PE17/132
cerim present 1st-pl-exclusive   ✧ PE17/132; VT50/22
cerim(ir) present 1st-pl-exclusive “P 1a” ✧ VT50/22
cerich present 1st-pl-inclusive   ✧ VT50/22
cerich(ir) present 1st-pl-inclusive “P 1b” ✧ VT50/22
cerinc present 1st-pl-inclusive   ✧ PE17/132
cerin present 1st-sg   ✧ PE17/132; VT50/22
cerin present 1st-sg “S 1a” ✧ VT50/22
[?cerith] present 2nd-dual “D 2a” ✧ VT50/22
cerich present 2nd-dual   ✧ PE17/132
cerith(ir) present 2nd-dual   ✧ VT50/22
cerist present 2nd-dual-polite “D 2b” ✧ VT50/22
cerist present 2nd-dual-polite   ✧ VT50/22
cerið(id) present 2nd-dual-polite   ✧ PE17/132
cerigir present 2nd-pl   ✧ PE17/132: as singular, but may be pluralized
cerinc/t present 2nd-pl “P 2a” ✧ VT50/22
cerith(ir) present 2nd-pl   ✧ VT50/22
cerint present 2nd-pl-polite “P 2b” ✧ VT50/22
cerint present 2nd-pl-polite   ✧ VT50/22
cerithir present 2nd-pl-polite “P 2b” ✧ VT50/22
ceriðir present 2nd-pl-polite   ✧ PE17/132: as singular, but may be pluralized
cerig present 2nd-sg   ✧ PE17/132
cerig present 2nd-sg “S 2a” ✧ VT50/22
cerith present 2nd-sg   ✧ VT50/22
ceris present 2nd-sg-polite   ✧ VT50/22
cerith present 2nd-sg-polite “S 2b” ✧ VT50/22
cerið present 2nd-sg-polite   ✧ PE17/132
cerid present 3rd-dual “D 2b” ✧ VT50/22
cerid present 3rd-dual   ✧ VT50/22
cerist present 3rd-dual   ✧ PE17/132
cerir present 3rd-pl   ✧ PE17/132; VT50/22
cerir present 3rd-pl “P 3” ✧ VT50/22
câr present 3rd-sg   ✧ PE17/132; VT50/22
câr present 3rd-sg “S 3” ✧ VT50/22
cerir present plural   ✧ VT44/22
gar soft-mutation; c-mutation   ✧ PE17/145
#gar soft-mutation; c-mutation “to do” ✧ PE17/148
garol soft-mutation active-participle; c-mutation “now doing or making” ✧ PE17/144
garol soft-mutation active-participle; c-mutation “doing” ✧ PE17/170
garo soft-mutation imperative; c-mutation “do [it]” ✧ WJ/371
garer soft-mutation present plural; c-mutation   ✧ VT44/21
gerir soft-mutation present plural; c-mutation “*they do” ✧ VT44/30

Element In

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

akāra > agor [akāra] > [akǭra] > [akaura] > [akaur] > [agaur] > [agor] ✧ WJ/415

N. #car- v. “to do, make” (Category: to Do, Make)

References ✧ Ety/DER, OS

Inflections

cere present ✧ Ety/DER
gar soft-mutation present; c-mutation ✧ Ety/OS

Element In

Derivations


ᴱN. cara- v. “to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)” (Category: to Do, Make)

References ✧ PE13/161, 163

Glosses

Variations

Inflections

carach infinitive “to make oneself, become” ✧ PE13/161
agarn passive-participle   ✧ PE13/161: pp.
agor past   ✧ PE13/161: pa.t.
agori past plural   ✧ PE13/161: pl.
egerni past plural   ✧ PE13/161

Element In

Derivations


ᴱN. #car- v. “*to make” (Category: to Do, Make)

References ✧ PE13/128

Inflections

carn past ✧ PE13/128
crantha past ✧ PE13/128
cranthi past ✧ PE13/128
cranthi past ✧ PE13/128
caron present 1st-sg ✧ PE13/128
cur present 3rd-sg ✧ PE13/128
côr present 3rd-sg ✧ PE13/128; PE13/128

Element In

Derivations


G. cartha- v. “to finish, make” (Category: to Finish)

References ✧ GL/25; PE13/111

Glosses

Variations

Changes

Inflections

cair- past ✧ PE13/111
cawr- past ✧ PE13/111
côri past ✧ GL/25

Elements

cara “deed, act” ✧ GL/25
#-tha¹ “verb suffix” ✧ GL/25 (#-tha)

Element In

Cognates

Derivations